[Compliance and insight as factors of recovery in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders]. / Komplaens i kritika k sostoyaniyu kak faktory vosstanovleniya patsientov s rasstroistvami shizofrenicheskogo spektra.

The goal of the up-to-date treatment of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders is recovery, including personal recovery. This goal is a part of the patient-centered approach. This review examines factors that may influence recovery achievement. Compliance plays a key role in relapse prevention. Its formation, in turn, depends on patients' participation in the treatment process, level of insight and patients' ability and willingness to play an active role in the treatment and apply self-management. All of the mentioned above should be taken into account while implementing patient-centered approach. This dictates the need to develop clear evaluation criteria of recovery factors in medical care of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

[Effects of diet on the gut microbiome in patients with depression]. / Vliyanie diety na mikrobiom kishechnika u patsientov s depressiei.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of diet on the gut microbiota and to assess the relationship of these factors with depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Microorganisms that predominate in depressed patients were identified and associations of the identified organisms with the patients' diet were performed. Fourteen depressed patients and 14 healthy volunteers with the same socio-demographic parameters were included in the study. The Hamilton Depression Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Questionnaire were used. RESULTS: Erysipelatoclostridium and Clostridium innocuum species were 11.3 and 14.4 times higher in depressed patients compared with healthy controls. Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia faecis species, as well as members of the genus Roseburia were statistically significantly more abundant in the healthy volunteers group (6.5, 2.14, 8.75 and 5.2 times more frequently compared to patients). The presence of these microorganisms was correlated with dietary components. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed groups of microorganisms that differ in healthy volunteers and depressed patients. The association of these microorganisms with the diet was shown, which partially confirmed the influence of a «healthy diet¼ on the development of depressive disorders.

[Metacognition as a pathway to the study and treatment of fragmentation in schizophrenia]. / Izuchenie i lechenie fragmentatsii pri shizofrenii s primeneniem kontseptsii metapoznaniya.

This paper explores the potential of recent research on metacognition to offer new avenues to assess and address the phenomenon of fragmentation in schizophrenia, which was described by E.Bleuler as «splitting¼. The concepts of metacognition characterize and quantify alterations or decrements in the processes by which fragments or pieces of information are integrated into a coherent sense of self and others. A method for assessing metacognition is presented along with research examining the presence and importance of metacognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Greater levels of metacognitive deficits have been detected in different phases of schizophrenia and linked to poorer psychosocial outcomes. These data were obtained both in foreign and preliminary Russian studies. The authors suggest that treatments, which successfully target metacognitive capacity, may uniquely promote wellness and recovery in schizophrenia.

[Impact of psychoeducation on compliance of inpatients with first episode psychosis]. / Vliyanie psikhoobrazovaniya na komplaentnost' patsientov s pervym psikhoticheskim epizodom v usloviyakh statsionara.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of brief group inpatient psychoeducation interventions on compliance of patients with first episode psychosis (FEP) and emergency hospitalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-eight patients of treatment group and 79 patients of the control group were enrolled into the study. All patients were hospitalized emergently due to psychotic condition. Patients in treatment group had group psychoeducation sessions (5 sessions), patients in the control group received basic treatment only. Before discharge from the hospital, patients were accessed with PANSS, CGI-S, CGI-I and «Medication compliance scale¼. RESULTS: Patient in treatment group showed significantly better results than the control group in medication compliance scale assessment (p<0.001). The rate of readmissions was significantly higher in the control group than in the psychoeducation group (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Brief psychoeducation for inpatients with FEP and emergency hospitalizations has beneficial effect on patients' compliance.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MELATONIN IN THE COMPLEX TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION IN PATIENTS WITH STAGE 5 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE.

In recent years, there has been a progressive increase in the number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), whose mortality risk is significantly higher than in general patients, which is associated with cardiovascular risks.In patients with CKD stage 5D before the start of replacement renal therapy for hypertension exceeds 90%. The aim -to analyze the efficacy and safety of the use of melatonin in the complex treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) in patients with CKD of 5 stage with impaired melatonin-forming function of the epiphysis (MFE). 60 people (35 women and 25 men) with a chronic kidney disease of 5 stage, which have violated MFE and AH were examined. For all patients in addition to antihypertensive therapy were prescribed the drug melatonin at a dose of 3 mg, which was taken once a day at 22:00 for 8 weeks. For all examined, before and after the course of treatment, were measured blood pressure (BP), Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) and determination of the concentration of melatonin in the salivaby immunosorbent method. The examined patients showed a high frequency of MFE disturbance both in the daytime and at night - respectively, in 52,4% (p<0,001) and 82,6% (p<0,001). The dynamics of the diurnal BP on the background of treatment was due to changes in the degree of nocturnal decrease of BP, the number of patients in the main group with the "non-dipper" profile, decreased from 44,5% to 27,6% (p<0,05%), the proportion of patients with a daily profile of BP "night-peakear" from 22,4% to 4,8% (p<0,05%). Besides, a statistically significant of the number of persons with a daily profile of BP "dipper" increase in 30,2%. Against the background of complex treatment, there was a decrease in the patient's need for the dose and amount of antihypertensive drugs to achieve BP targets. Our data show a high incidence of MFE disorders in patients with CKD stage VD, and adding to the antihypertensive therapy of the drug melatonin in patients with CKD of 5 stage is effective and safe.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety, depression and distress - online survey results amid the pandemic in Russia.

Background: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic evoked a variety of research into the virus and its effects on mental health. A variety of mental health and psychological problems have been reported: stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, denial, stigma, anger and fear. Objectives: To assess the level of anxiety, depression and distress in the general population during the lockdown in Russia and to reveal factors associated with distress. Methods: An online survey was carried out from 22-27 April 2020 (the fourth week of lockdown) among the general population (mostly Moscow residents). The survey questions covered general information about people's social and demographic characteristics, experience of COVID-19, health condition (physical and mental), attitudes and views on the pandemic, and the need for psychological support. The survey included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and evaluation of the preceding week's subjective distress level using a visual numeric scale (from 0 to 10). We also asked respondents to specify the causes of distress, adopted from the WHO information sheet relating to the major psychological challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: In total, 352 responses were collected (men = 74, women = 278; age (M ± SD) = 36.81 ± 11.36 y.o.).Most respondents (n = 225, 63.92%) did not have any personal experience of the coronavirus infection. Normal levels of anxiety and depression scores were prevalent in the sample. Higher than normal levels of HADS anxiety/depression ( 7 scores) were observed in 105 (29.83%) and 59 (16.76%) respondents, respectively; mean (95% CI)scores for HADS anxiety/depression were 6.23 [5.77, 6.68] /4.65 [4.22, 5.08] (women) and 4.20 [3.32, 5.09] /3.46[2.63, 4.29] (men), respectively.The leading causes of distress were: 1) the risk of financial problems in the future (n = 267, 76.3%); 2) violation of plans and the disruption to normal life (n = 235, 67.1%; and n = 240, 68.6%, respectively); 3) the health of elderly or chronically diseased relatives (n = 205, 58.6%) and 4) being in self-isolation (n = 186, 53.1%). Conclusion: The level of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in the study sample did not exceed the norm for the population in non-pandemic conditions. Our assessment of distress levels captured existing emotional problems, and distress levels were found to be connected with the reported need for psychological support.

[Quantitative estimation of information influence of law intensive laser radiation on macro- and the microelement status in patients of the senior age groups].

Law intensive laser radiation is a multifactorial, inherently information-power influence on biological tissues. Coinciding under characteristics with natural, the dosed out external influence is necessary for live organisms not only as a source of free energy, but also as the supplier of building materials. As an alarm indicator we had chosen the change of concentration of microcells in blood whey, owing to high sensitivity of this parameter. Photoexcitation conducts to acceleration of chemical reactions, in particular the oxidation-reduction. The probability of "capture" of a photon by a molecule depends on its energy and from power level of a molecule. Absorption of a photon by a molecule occurs when the direction transition coincides with fluctuations of an electric vector of a light wave. Efficiency of carrying over can be defined on time of a life of a luminescence. The quantum exit can be expressed through the relation of intensity of fluorescence to a difference of capacities of falling and leaving light streams. As a result of occurrence of a gradient of temperature in around membrane areas there is a change of electric potential of a membrane that causes outflow of ions from a membrane. Thereof the albuminous channels causing active transportation of ions and polar molecules reveal. As a result of change of electrochemical ionic balance lability of microcells to information doses of laser influence is provided.

[Interaction between the PINOID/ABRUPTUS gene with the AGAMOUS gene: the negative regulator of stem cells in the meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana flower].

Complementary interaction between the AGAMOUS and PINOID/ABRUPTUS genes was revealed. In double mutant abr ag-1, there is a significant increasing proliferation of cells of the floral meristem and formation of branching bine-like flowers. This data indicate the participation of the PID/ABR gene in limitation of proliferating stem cells of the floral meristem. The revealed increase of transcription level of WUS gene in flowers of the abr mutant, as well as distortion of auxin distribution, allows us to suggest that the PID/ABR gene controls auxin transport and participates in detection of expression domains for the WUS gene.

[Interaction between the ABRUPTUS/PINOID and APETALA1 genes regulating the inflorescence development in Arabidopsis thaliana].

Plant morphology was analyzed in the abr and ap1-1 single mutants, the abr ap1-1 double mutant, and abr mutant plants with extopic expression of the AP1 gene under the control of the 35S RNA constitutive promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (abr 35S::AP1). The level of AP1 gene expression was examined in wildtype plants and the abr mutant. The ABR gene was found to interact with the AP1 via dominant epistasis when determining the time of a transition to the reproductive developmental stage and the floral meristem identity. The abr mutant displayed a higher level of AP1 transcription and extended regions of its transcription in leaves and internal whorls of the flowers. Based on these findings, the ABR gene was assumed to play an indirect role in restricting the level and spatial range of AP1 transcription. A complementary interaction of the dominant alleles was observed during floral development, implicating both of the genes in the process.

[Fermental (plasmin) blood system in patients with acute viral myocarditis].

For the first time it is established that patients with acute virus myocarditis (AVM) at all stages of severity of clinical course of the disease have changes in indicators of fibrinogens, soluble complexes of monomeric fibrin, products of its degradation, activated plasminogen, time recalcification of blood plasma to blood heparin, fibrinolytic activity of plasma, spontaneous fibrinolysis, time of lysis of euglobulin clot, blood heparin, antithrombin III, platelets. It testifies to suppression of fibrinolysis processes which expressiveness statistically reliably correlates with degree of severity of clinical course of AVM. Application of medicamentous correction is necessary for prevention of the development of disseminated intravascular blood coagulation syndrome.

[Synthesis of surfactants by Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens and Psedomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens strains].

Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens, P. syringae pv. atrofaciens and P. syringae pv syringae strains produce very weakly biosurfactants in comparison with P. fluorescens 8573. It is detected, that supernatant of cultural fluid of P. fluorescens has a surface-tension 27 microN/m and emulsification index--50%; for phytopathogenic pseudomonads these parameters are 50-54 microN/m and 0.8-1.3%, accordingly. The coronafaciens and atrofaciens pathovars strains do not differ between themselves in ability to synthesize the surfactants. The surfactant synthesis by P. syringae strains does not correlate with their belonging to pathovars, their aggressiveness, antigenic composition and ecological origin.

Macro- and trace element status of patients of the elder age groups.

Serum concentrations of macro- and trace elements in patients of the elder age groups differ significantly from normal values and depend on the age and presence of pathologies.

[Enzymatic (plasmin) blood system in patients with acute virus myocarditis and its medical correction].

For the first time it is established that changes of parametres of coagulation hemostasis (fibrinogen Fg, soluble complexes of monomeasured fibrin -SCMF, products of fibrin degradation-PFD, 1st and 2nd waves of platelet aggregation), platelet hemostasis (platelets, a range index of platelet contact activation -RIPCA, activated partial platelet time--APPT, a total index thrombophilia TIT, platelet time--PT, prothrombin time (Prv), physiological anticoagulants (blood heparin-BH, antithrombin III--AT III, plasma tolerances to heparin--PTH), and fibrinolysis (lysis time of euglobulin clot--LTEC), enzyme condition of antiradical protection--superoxide scavenger (SOSC) which reduction in concentration leads to increase in concentration of malonic dialdehyde (MD) in erythrocytes (Er), thrombocytes (Tr), blood plasma (BP) in patients with acute virus myocarditis (AVM) of all severity groups and statistically correlate with the degree of severity of clinical course and demands medication correction.

[Coagulative hemostasis in patients with acute viral myocarditis].

For the first time it was established that changes of fibrinogen parameters, dissolved complexes of monomeric fibrinogen (DCMF), products of fibrinogen degradation (PDEF), first and second waves of platelet aggregation, activated partial platelet time (APPT), range index of contact platelet activation (RICPA), general index of thrombophilia (GIT), platelets, prothrombin time, heparin in blood, plasma tolerance to heparin (PTH), time lysis and euglobulin clot (TLEC), lipid peroxidation, antiradical defence ferment, superoxiddismutase (SOD) in patients with acute virus myocarditis of first, second and third group of severity correlate statistically reliably with grade of severity of clinical course of the disease and require correction with medications.

[State of physiological anticoagulant heparin, antithrombin III and their correction with medicines in patients with acute viral myocarditis].

For the first time, positive influence was shown of a complex blood heparin-antitrombin III on the state of the coagulant and fibrinolytic system of blood in patients with acute virus myocarditis that favours the normalization of clinical and laboratory indicators, improvement of the state of patients and reduction of average bed-day indicator (hospital stay) till 25 and 35 days in accordance with severity of clinical course of the disease and can be recommended as a choice of medicine.

[Total index of thrombocyte aggregation in patients with an acute viral myocarditis].

For the first time it is proved, that patients with an acute virus myocarditis have statistically confirmed authentic reduction in quantity of thrombocytes, extention of parameters of a activated partial thrombin time, reduction in concentration of a heparin-antithrombin III (AT-III) complex against suppressed enzyme of antiradical protection - superoxide dismutase and it has led to activization of a malonic dialdehyde in erythrocytes, thrombocytes and blood serum. In case of the development of an acute virus infection especially caused cardiotrophic strain Consaki, virus CVB 1-CVB 4, thrombocytes, according to P. Nemetchek-Gansler, acquire not pertaining to them ability for phagocytosis of viruses with following reduction in quantity of thrombocytes and increase in aggregation abilities of thrombocytes what influence the state of duration index of contact aggregation of thrombocytes with the tendency to shorten this duration, and also it may develop hypoxia, an ischemia and the subsequent necrosis of cardiomyocytes, that is to an acute virus myocarditis that demands corresponding correction with medications.

[Induction of synthesis and activation of Penicillium commune alpha-L-rhamnosidase].

For the first time the influence of a number of synthetic porfirin and fluoren derivatives, coordinative germanium substances and surfactants on the biosynthesis and activity of Penicillium commune 266 alpha-L-rhamnosidase has been studied. It is shown that some of porfirin derivatives and coordinative germanium substances may be used as inducers of biosynthesis (143-430%) and also as stimulators of alpha-L-rhamnosidase activity (15-44%). It is more expedient to use biscitratgermanium acid in a complex with asparaginic acid (430%) or threonine (370%) as inducers of biosynthesis of enzyme. At the same time the use of porfirin derivatives, in particular meso-tetra(N-methyl-6-chinoline)porfirin tosilate or its manganese complex, is more efficient as stimulators (40%) of alpha-L-rhamnosidase activity. The utilization of such surfactants as tregaloso-, peptido- and rhamnolipids is not expedient. These compounds either do not influence or inhibit biosynthesis and activity of P. commune alpha-L-rhamnosidase. Only in concentration of 0.01% rhamnolipid increased the activity of enzyme by 7.5%.

[Quantitative changes in characteristics of immunity in longlivers].

In 93 persons aged 90 to 103 years old the subpopulation compositon of lymphocytes and the level of thymic serum activity (TSA) was studied. In the presence of polymorbidity the low level of TSA was observed in 81% of examinees, with the quantitative deficiency in the relative and absolute number of CD3+CD8+ T-lymphocytes (62% and 78% respectively) and the excess in the number CD3+CD4-CD8- T-lymphocytes (42% and 57% respectively). Among CD3+CD4-CD8- T-lymphocytes cells with phenotypes CD3+/-CD4-CD8-CD16- and CD3+CD4-CD16+ were determined. In prolonged imunomonitoring the reciprocacity of changes in the amount of CD3+/-CD4-CD8-CD16- T-lymphocytes was established in relation to the level of TCA and the number of CD3+CD8+ T-lymphocytes. The reversibility of these changes is indicative of the potential of reactivity of the immune system in longlivers. The positive result of laser therapy in persons with quantitative deficiency of CD3+CD8+ T-lymphocytes and the presence of cells with phenotype CD3+/-CD4-CD8-CD16- was associated with the restoration of the size of CD3+CD8+ subpopulation and a decrease in an amount of CD3+/-CD4-CD8-CD16-. The unfavorable prognostic sign was, seemingly, the quantitative deficiency of CD3+CD8+ T-lymphocytes with the low level of TCA in the absence of CD3+/-CD4-CD8-CD16- T-lymphocytes.

Uptake of the herbicidal glyphosate by Escherichia coli K-12.

The uptake of the aminoacid biosynthesis inhibitor, used as the broad-spectrum herbicide ingredient, glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]-glycine) was investigated in E. coli as a model to study mechanisms of cell resistance to antimetabolites as drugs and pesticides. Unlike the glyphosate-degrading Arthrobacter sp. strain for which the first successful measurement of glyphosate uptake and its inhibition by orthophosphate was reported, E. coli K-12 cannot take up this inhibitor either in the presence of orthophosphate, or after a prolonged starvation for it. However, cells made "competent" after an overnight cold CaCl2 exposure followed by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment could take up this compound (Km for glyphosate uptake, 274 microM). Neither amino acids, belonging to a single transport system, nor orthophosphate gave essential inhibition of glyphosate uptake by these cells.