Nonverbal components of the interpretive process in psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

Viewing traditional psychoanalytic concepts from a new perspective of kinetics and proxemics gives added insight and freshness. A thumb-nail sketch of the new sciences is drawn. These sciences of nonverbal behavior have been far too neglected by clinicians. There is historic precedent for making them part-and-parcel of classical psychoanalysis.

Modalities of psychotherapy with the elderly.

Emphasized is the view that geriatric psychotherapy can be effectively administered only with knowledge of the biology, psychology, and sociology of old age. The concepts of transference, countertransference, interpretation, conflict and defense mechanisms are crucial for understanding the various treatment modalities. Five intervention patterns are offered for the therapeutic approaches, i.e., interpretation, suggestion, reinforcement, confrontation, and clarification. The different modalities of geriatric psychotherapy may be viewed as variations of different clusters of these interventions, e.g., psychoanalysis makes most use of interpretation whereas group therapy makes most use of confrontation and clarification. For the psychologic treatment of disorders in late life, there are five basic modalities and one adjunct. The basic psychotherapies are classified as psychoanalytic, supportive, group, family, and behavioral; the adjunct is psychopharmacologic treatment, which is not a substitute for effective psychotherapy. Much semantic confusion has centered around this adjunctive treatment. Conceptual confusions about the meaning of the word "cure" are discussed.