ABSTRACT
AIM: The ability of Clostridium perfringens to survive for a long time in the environment makes it a suitable indicator of faecal pollution, but its use as a routine indicator organism in biosolids and composted biosolids has not yet been adopted. This study was performed to improve our understanding of C. perfringens persistence in composted biosolids by monitoring its presence and studying its genetic diversity. METHODS AND RESULTS: A culture-independent TaqMan qPCR assay targeting the cpn60 gene was adapted to enumerate C. perfringens in composted biosolid samples varying in age from 1 to 24 months. The pathogen was detected in all compost samples under study, but no correlation between composting time and number of cpn60 copies was observed. Rep-PCR detected 14 different C. perfringens genotypes, all belonging to toxinotype A, which is the most common biotype found in human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. CONCLUSIONS: Composting did not significantly decrease the number of C. perfringens cells. High genetic diversity of C. perfringens isolates present in composted biosolids is reported for the first time. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: This study evaluated tools for surveillance of composting processes, source tracking and risk assessment of composted biosolids.
Subject(s)
Clostridium perfringens/genetics , Clostridium perfringens/isolation & purification , Sewage/microbiology , Soil Microbiology , Cluster Analysis , DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Genes, Bacterial , Genetic Variation , Genotype , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Refuse Disposal , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Soil/analysis , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Dysgammaglobulinemia/etiology , Immunoglobulin D/deficiency , Multiple Myeloma/immunology , Aged , Bone Marrow/pathology , Cytoplasm/immunology , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin delta-Chains/biosynthesis , Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/biosynthesis , Multiple Myeloma/pathology , Plasma Cells/ultrastructureABSTRACT
The influence of three lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and hialuronidase, the representatives of lysosomal enzymes which can be released by exocytosis, was tested o reactivity of rat lymph node lymphocytes in vitro. These three enzymes do not change the spontaneous lymphocyte stimulation. However, beta-glucuronidase enhances the lymphocyte response to PHA. On the contrary, acid phosphatase and hialuronidase suppress PHA-induced stimulation of lymphocytes. In the mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) beta-glucuronidase enhances or suppresses DNA synthesis depending on the degree of lymphocyte stimulation in control MLC. Acid phosphatase and hialuronidase suppress lymphocyte stimulation in MLC.
