ABSTRACT
This study is aimed at investigating the reutilizing of gluten protein from the wheat processing industry by Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2423 protease to obtain gluten hydrolysates with high added value. Gluten protein hydrolysis using protease achieved a 34.07% degree of hydrolysis with 5% gluten protein, at a hydrolysis time of 2 h for 1000 U/mL at pH 8.0 and temperature of 40°C. Compared to the wheat gluten, the obtained hydrolysates exhibited enhanced functional attributes, including heightened solubility (43%), increased emulsifying activity (93.08 m2/g), and improved radical scavenging properties. Furthermore, these hydrolysates demonstrated enhanced antioxidant potential, as evidenced by elevated ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) of 81.25% and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) of 56.46% radical scavenging activities and also exhibited a higher α-amylase inhibitory effect of 33.98%. The enhancement in functional characteristics of wheat gluten hydrolysates was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The percentage of free amino acids obtained by protease-mediated hydrolysates increased significantly compared to the unhydrolyzed wheat, which was observed by high-performance liquid chromatography. These findings suggest that wheat gluten hydrolysates hold promising potential as functional and nutritional food ingredients in the food industry, owing to their enhanced functionalities and potential antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.
ABSTRACT
The diverse populations reportedly suffer from obesity on a global scale, and inconclusive evidence has indicated that both environmental and genetic factors are associated with obesity development. Therefore, a need exists to examine potential therapeutic or prophylactic molecules for obesity treatment. Prebiotics with non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) have the potential to treat obesity. A limited number of prebiotic NDOs have demonstrated their ability as a convincing therapeutic solution to encounter obesity through various mechanisms, viz., stimulating beneficial microorganisms, reducing the population of pathogenic microorganisms, and also improving lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. NDOs include pectic-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, manno-oligosaccharides and other oligosaccharides which significantly influence the overall human health by different mechanisms. This review provides the treatment of obesity benefits by incorporating these prebiotic NDOs, according to established scientific research, which shows their good effects extend beyond the colon.
ABSTRACT
Probiotics are live bacteria found in food that assist the body's defence mechanisms against pathogens by reconciling the gut microbiota. Probiotics are believed to aid with gut health, the immune system, and brain function, among other factors. They've furthermore been shown to help with constipation, high blood pressure, and skin issues. The global probiotics market has been incrementally growing in recent years, as consumers' demand for healthy diets and wellness has continued to increase. This has prompted the food industry to develop new probiotic-containing food products, as well as researchers to explore their specific characteristics and impacts on human health. Although most probiotics are fastidious microorganisms that are nutritionally demanding and sensitive to environmental conditions, they become less viable as they are processed and stored. In this review we studied the current literature on the fundamental idea of probiotic bacteria, their medical benefits, and their selection, characterization, and implementations.
ABSTRACT
Nanoemulsion is a promising delivery system for delivering the plant bioactive molecules against insect pests. In this study, we aimed to prepare eugenol based nanoemulsions (EL-NE) by ultrasonication method to investigate its fumigant toxicity against Sitophilus oryzae adults and to analyse the residual characteristics of eugenol bioactive on the treated grains and beetles. In EL-NE preparations, 1:1 ratio of eugenol: Tween 80 combination with 5 min of ultrasonication at frequency of 10 kHz and 12 W power output was determined as optimal. In the optimized nanoemulsions, 19.21 to 42.82 d.nm range of mean droplet size, 0.50 to 0.77 range of polydispersity index and -21.80 to -29.83 mV range of zeta potential values were observed with respect to 2.5 to 10.0% of eugenol concentrations. After 72 h of fumigation, enhanced fumigant toxicities (3.5-11.2 fold) were observed against S. oryzae adults for the optimized EL-NEs compared to eugenol alone. Fumigant toxicity results revealed 14.40 µl/L air of least LC50 value for the 10.0% EL-NE. Persistence of eugenol was more (12.46%) in EL-NE treated wheat grains compared to eugenol alone treatments based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis, which indicates the improved fumigation. This study results suggests EL-NEs as promising nano-biofumigant against the S. oryzae adults for eco-friendly Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
