Prevalence of burnout and its correlates among residents in a tertiary medical center in Kerala, India: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE: Residents work in emotionally demanding environments with multiple stressors. The risk for burnout is high in them and it has significant negative consequences for their career. Burnout is also associated with consequences in terms of physical and mental health including insomnia, cardiovascular disease, depression and suicidal ideation. Thus, the study aimed to study the prevalence of burn out and its correlates among interns and residents at Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross Sectional Study at Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. METHODS: It was a cross Sectional study of 558 interns and residents of Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Data was collected which included the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory [CBI]which assesses burnout in the dimensions of Personal burnout, Work burnout and Patient related burnout, with a cut off score of 50 for each dimension. Age, sex, year of study, department the resident belonged to, or an intern, junior resident or a super speciality senior resident (resident doing super speciality course after their post graduate masters degree) were the correlates assessed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Univariate analysis. RESULTS: More than one third of the participants were found to have burnout in one or another dimension of the CBI. Burnout was found to be the highest among the interns in the domains of personal burnout (64.05 %) and patient related burnout (68.62 %) and in junior residents for work related burnout (40%). Super specialty senior residents had the least prevalence of burnout in all three dimensions. Among the residents, Non Medical/Non Surgical residents had the least prevalence of burnout in all three dimensions, whereas surgical speciality residents had the highest of personal burnout (57.92 %) and Medical speciality residents had the highest patient related burnout (27.13%). Both medical and surgical specialty residents had equal prevalence of work burnout. The study also showed that as the number of years of residency increased, the burnout also increased in all three dimensions. A between gender difference in burnout was not noticed in our study. CONCLUSIONS: Burnout was found to be present in a large number of residents in our study. Nationwide studies and assessment of more correlates will be needed to understand this phenomenon and also for formulating measures for preventing and managing it.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the molecular structure, conformational stability, hyperpolarizability, electrostatic potential, thermodynamic properties and NMR spectra of pharmaceutical important molecule: 4'-methylpropiophenone.

Combined experimental and theoretical studies have been performed on the structure and vibrational spectra (IR and Raman spectra) of 4'-methylpropiophenone (MPP). The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4'-methylpropiophenone (MPP) have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively. The harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated and the scaled values have been compared with experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of MPP are also reported based on total energy distribution (TED). The observed and the calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement. The (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts have been calculated by Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). The natural bond orbital (NBO), natural hybrid orbital (NHO) analysis and electronic properties, such as HOMO and LUMO energies, were performed by DFT approach. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within molecule. The first order hyperpolarizability (ß0) of the novel molecular system and related properties (ßtot, α0 and Δα) of MPP are calculated using DFT/6-311++G(d,p) method on the finite-field approach. The Mulliken charges, the values of electric dipole moment (µ) of the molecule were computed using DFT calculations. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound were also performed at the above method and basis set.

Molecular structure, vibrational spectroscopic, hyperpolarizability, natural bond orbital analysis, frontier molecular orbital analysis and thermodynamic properties of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenylacetic acid.

The FT-IR (4000-400cm(-)(1)) and FT-Raman spectra (3500-100cm(-)(1)) of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenylacetic acid (PAA) have been recorded. Density functional theory calculation with LSDA/6-31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) basis sets have been used to determine ground state molecular geometries (bond lengths and bond angles), harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman intensities and bonding features of the title compound. The assignments of the vibrational spectra have been carried out with the help of normal coordinate analysis (NCA) following the scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology. The first order hyperpolarizability (ß0) and related properties (ß, α0 and Δα) of PAA are calculated using B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) method on the finite-field approach. The calculated first hyperpolarizability shows that the molecule is an attractive molecule for future applications in non-linear optics. The stability of molecule has been analyzed by using NBO analysis. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within this molecule. Mulliken population analysis on atomic charges is also calculated. Thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, enthalpy, Gibb's free energy and entropy) of the title compound at different temperatures were calculated.

Quantum mechanical study of the structure and vibrational spectroscopic (FT-IR and FT-Raman), first-order hyperpolarizability, NBO and HOMO-LUMO studies of 4-bromo-3-nitroanisole.

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-bromo-3-nitroanisole (BNA) molecule have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-100 cm(-1), respectively. Optimized geometrical structure, harmonic vibrational frequencies, intensities, reduced mass, force constants and depolarization ratio have been computed by ab initio HF and the B3LYP density functional levels using 6-311++G (d,p) basis set. The observed FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational frequencies are analyzed and compared with theoretically predicted vibrational frequencies. The geometries and normal modes of vibration obtained from DFT method are in good agreement with the experimental data. The first-order hyperpolarizability (ß) of the investigated molecule were computed using DFT calculations. Besides, charge transfer occurring in the molecule between HOMO and LUMO energies, frontier energy gap, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were calculated and analyzed. The influences of bromine atom, nitrile group and methyl group on the geometry of benzene and its normal modes of vibrations have also been discussed.

FT-IR, FT-Raman spectra, NBO, HOMO-LUMO and thermodynamic functions of 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde based on ab initio HF and DFT calculations.

FT-IR (4000-400 cm(-1)) and FT-Raman (3500-100 cm(-1)) spectral measurements of 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde have been done. Ab initio (HF/6-311+G(d,p)) and DFT (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) calculations have been performed giving energies, optimized structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman activities. A detailed interpretation of the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde are reported on the basis of the calculated potential energy distribution. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The HOMO and LUMO energy gap reveals that the energy gap reflects the chemical activity of the molecule. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound have been performed by HF/6-311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p). The observed and calculated wave numbers are found to be in good agreement. The experimental spectra also coincide satisfactorily with those of theoretically constructed spectra. Thermodynamic functions were calculated using vibrational wave numbers for different temperatures.

α-Bromo-2,6-dichlorotoluene: molecular structure, vibrational spectroscopy, natural bond orbital analysis and NMR studies.

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of α-bromo-2,6-dichlorotoluene (αBDCT) have been recorded. The structural and spectroscopic data of the molecule in the ground state have been calculated using Hartree Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT)/B3LYP with the standard 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. The optimized molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies and atomic charges in the ground state are calculated. With the help of specific scaling procedures, the observed vibrational wavenumbers in FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra have been analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. A detailed interpretation of the infrared and Raman spectra of αBDCT is also reported based on total energy distribution (TED). The (1)H and (13)C NMR chemical shifts have been calculated by gauge-including atomic orbital method with B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) approach. Stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interactions and charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The theoretical results agree well with the observed spectra.

Solvent effects and photophysical studies of a new class of acridine(1,8)dione dyes.

Spectroscopic properties of a new family of acridinedione dyes are reported. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the different substituted acridinediones have been recorded in different solvents and the difference in the dipole moment between ground and excited state has been obtained by solvatochromic shift method. The value of the Onsager cavity radius was calculated from the total surface area using software PCMODEL. Fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime were determined. Radiative and non-radiative constants have been calculated. The triplet-triplet absorption maxima and triplet lifetime show variation depending on the substitution.

Isolation and propagation of phages naturally associated with the aizawai variety of Bacillus thuringiensis.

This study describes the isolation of a phage, using mitomycin C and u.v. light, from each of four strains (HD67, HD130, HD228 and HD248) of Bacillus thuringiensis H-serotype 7 (var. aizawai). It also describes the isolation of two indicator strains (12.13 and HD102) for these phages (phi HD67, phi HD130, phi HD228 and phi HD248) and the ideal conditions, using these indicator strains, for maximum phage production.

Absence of competition between salmonella phage P22 and coliphage P1 for adsorption sites on a Salmonella typhosa - Escherichia coli hybrid strain.

Salmonella typhimurium mutants sensitive to coliphage P1 are resistant to salmonella phage P22 and lose their P1-sensitivity upon reversion to P22-sensitivity. A tryptophan-requiring Salmonella typhosa - Escherichia coli hybrid, which has the unique ability to serve as recipient in transduction mediated by both P22 and P1, was sued to determine if P22 and P1 adsorb at the same or overlapping sites: (i) The adsorption of each of P1 and P22 is similar when added individually or together to the hybrid at a saturating multiplicity of infection (moi). (ii) P1 grown on trp+ E. coli yields the maximum frequency of Trp+ abortive transductions at an moi of 6 with the trp hybrid recipient; the presence of increasing numbers of P22 grown on trp S. typhimurium does not decrease the number of Trp+ transduction from P1. (iii) A mixture of P1 (grown on trp+ E. coli) and P22 (grown on trp+ S. typhimurium) yields more abortive transductions than does P1 alone. Thus phages P1 and P22 adsorb to the hybrid cells on different sites.