ABSTRACT
An unsuspected bull in a private herd of forty cattle heads in south-western Nigeria died suddenly following three days´ treatment against tick infestation. Post-mortem findings revealed multi-focal widespread nodules in all lobes of the lungs with markedly enlarged lymph nodes. Isolate from cultured sample was subjected to spoligotyping which confirmed the isolate as Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) belonging to the SB1027 clade with octal number 676773776277600 (Figure 1). This finding has implications on the health of the cattle handlers considering aerosol inhalation of disseminated bacilli from the lungs of the infected bull through cough sprays. Routine screening of cattle for tuberculosis is therefore emphasized.
Subject(s)
Mycobacterium bovis/isolation & purification , Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosis , Animals , Cattle , Farms , Lung/microbiology , Lymph Nodes/microbiology , Male , Nigeria , Public HealthABSTRACT
Following previous studies on delivery potential and immune response of chickens given Newcastle disease vaccine with gums, this study was conducted to evaluate the protective ability of vaccines delivered with plant gums against clinicopathological features of Newcastle disease (ND). Processed gums from incised trunks of Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis trees were combined with ND vaccine in ratio 2:2:1 and administered at 21 days to white leghorn cockerels after weaning of maternal antibodies. The birds were grouped into gum-vaccine-oral (GVOR), vaccine-oral (VOR), gum-vaccine-ocular (GVOC), vaccine-ocular (VOC), gum-oral (GOR), gum-ocular (GOC), no-gum-no-vaccine/challenged (NGNV/C), no-gum-no-vaccine/unchallenged (NGNV/U). Vaccination was boosted with the same preparation at day 42 while birds were challenged with live ND virus (KUDU strain) at day 84. Clinical signs (Dullness, Diarrhoea, Paralysis, Torticollis) Post infection (Pi), terminal weakness, gross and histology lesions were scored on a severity scale from absent (0-), mild (1+) to moderate (2+) and severe (3+). Scores were assigned a quantitative score of 0, 10, 20, 30 respectively. Clinical signs scores for the 5 week Pi were subjected to Friedman test to assess the significance of severity among the groups. The test was significant at 1% significance level which implies that the clinical signs ranked highest in the NGNV/C, followed by the Gum alone groups, the vaccine alone groups and the gum-vaccine groups irrespective of route. Moribund birds subsequently euthanized were seen in the GOR and GOC group at 21% each and at 57% in NGNV/C group alone. No signs were seen in the NVNG/U group. Grossly, mild to moderate lesions were seen in all groups except GVOR and NGNV/U. At histology, pulmonary congestion, acute pneumonia, cecal tonsilar haemorrhages, gliosis and neuronophagia were present at different proportions in all groups except the GVOR and NGNV/U. Overall, lesion severity was least in the gum-vaccine groups while the oral groups had less lesion score compared to the ocular. From this study, phytogenic mucoadhesives polymers used hold immense potential as a delivery agent capable of improving protection against clinicopathologic features of Newcastle disease in previously vaccinated birds.
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effect of oral glucosamine and intramuscular injection (IM) of snail mucin on the progression of experimental osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. Twenty adult mongrels with mean body weight (12.4±1.8 kg) were used. Experimental OA was induced surgically using the groove model. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups following radiographic evidence of OA. Group one (control) comprised of ten dogs treated with normal saline twice weekly for four weeks following OA. Group two comprised of five dogs treated with 10mg/kg of oral glucosamine daily for four weeks. Group three comprised of five dogs treated with 5mg/kg intramuscular injection of 5% solution of snail mucin twice weekly for four weeks. Blood was obtained from the cephalic vein before surgical arthrotomy, after surgical arthrotomy, immediately after radiographic confirmation of OA (Week 0) and at two weeks interval up to 4 weeks of treatment. Efficacy of the drugs was assessed by changes in plasma IL-6 and MMP-3, while safety was determined using the changes in packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cell counts (WBC) and observable adverse reactions associated with the administration of the drugs. In this study, the PCV and WBC did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) from the control group. Plasma IL-6 and MMP-3 were significantly (P< 0.05) lower both in glucosamine-treated and snail mucin-treated dogs up to week 4 of treatment when compared with the control group. However, there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in IL-6 and MMP-3 between the two treatment groups. In addition, painful swelling at the site of injection was observed in dogs treated with snail mucin, while no adverse reaction was observed in dogs treated with oral glucosamine. It was therefore concluded that both oral glucosamine and IM injection of snail mucin comparably modified the progression of OA. However, owing to the adverse reaction noted with IM injection of snail mucin, further study is required to determine the most appropriate route of administration.
Se evaluaron los efectos de la glucosamina oral y la inyección intramuscular (IM) de mucina de caracol en la progresión de la osteoartritis (OA) experimental en perros. Fueron utilizados 20 perros mestizos adultos con un peso medio de 12,4±1,8 kg. La OA experimental se indujo quirúrgicamente mediante el modelo de ranura. Los animales se dividieron aleatoriamente en tres grupos después de la evidencia radiográfica de OA. El grupo 1 (control, 10 perros) fue tratado con una solución salina normal dos veces por semana durante cuatro semanas. El grupo 2 (5 perros) fue tratado con 10 mg/kg de glucosamina oral al día por cuatro semanas, y el grupo 3 (5 perros) fue tratado con 5 mg/kg IM de una solución de mucina de caracol al 5% dos veces por semana durante cuatro semanas. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre desde la vena cefálica previo a la artrotomía quirúrgica, después de la artrotomía e inmediatamente después de la confirmación radiográfica de OA (semana 0), y en el intervalo de dos semanas hasta cuatro semanas de tratamiento. La eficacia de los fármacos se evaluó por los cambios plasmáticos de IL-6 y MMP-3, mientras que la seguridad, se determinó por los cambios en el volumen del hematocrito (VH), el recuento total de glóbulos blancos (RGB), y la observación de reacciones adversas asociadas a la administración de fármacos. El VH y RGB no difirieron significativamente (P>0,05) en el grupo control. Los niveles de IL-6 y MMP-3 plasmática fueron significativamente más bajas (P<0,05) en los perros tratados con glucosamina y mucina de caracol hasta 4 semanas, en comparación con el grupo control. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas (P>0,05) en la IL-6 y MMP-3 entre los dos grupos de tratamiento. Además, se observó un edema doloroso en el sitio de inyección de los perros tratados con mucina de caracol. En los perros tratados con glucosamina oral no se observó reacción adversa. Se concluye que tanto la glucosamina oral y la inyección IM de mucina de caracol modifican comparablemente la progresión de OA. Sin embargo, debido a la reacción adversa observada con la inyección IM de mucina caracol, se necesitan estudios adicionales para determinar la vía de administración más adecuada.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Osteoarthritis, Knee , Glucosamine/administration & dosage , Mucins/administration & dosage , Snails/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Interleukin-6/blood , Disease Progression , Matrix Metalloproteinases/blood , Disease Models, Animal , InjectionsABSTRACT
To determine the effect of midazolam on ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, 20 guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) were randomly divided into 2 groups. Birds in group KX were anesthetized with ketamine (15 mg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg i.m.), whereas the birds anesthetized in group KXM received midazolam (0.3 mg/kg i.m.) in addition to the ketamine and xylazine protocol. The onset of anesthesia, duration of analgesia, duration of recumbency, and recovery time were determined. Heart and respiratory rates as well as cloacal temperatures were recorded immediately after drug administration and at 10-minute intervals until the birds were sternally recumbent. Analgesia was assessed as a response to artery forceps applied to the digit and skin proximal to the tarsal joint. The mean (SD) duration of analgesia in the group KXM birds was 37.4 +/- 23.5 minutes, whereas no analgesia was apparent with the group KX birds. The duration of recumbency was significantly longer and respiratory rates were significantly lower in group KXM birds compared with those in group KX. Adverse effects were minimal and included diarrhea (n = 1) and hypersalivation (n = 2) in group KX birds, and regurgitation (n = 2) in group KXM birds. Midazolam administered intramuscularly appeared to improve the anesthetic quality of ketamine and xylazine in guinea fowls without adversely affecting safety.
