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1.
Behav Processes ; 108: 11-9, 2014 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25225038

ABSTRACT

Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii), one of the smallest dolphin species, has been reported to produce only narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) clicks and no whistles. To clarify their sound repertoire and examine the function of each type, we analysed the sounds and behaviour of captive Commerson's dolphins in Toba Aquarium, Japan. All recorded sounds were NBHF clicks with peak frequency >110kHz. The recorded click-trains were categorised into four types based on the changing pattern of their Inter-click intervals (ICI): Decreasing type, with continuously decreasing ICI during the last part of the train; Increasing type, with continuously increasing ICI during the last part; Fluctuating type, with fluctuating ICI; and Burst-pulse type, with very short and constant ICI. The frequency of the Decreasing type increased when approaching an object newly introduced to the tank, suggesting that the sound is used for echolocation on approach. The Burst-pulse type suddenly increased in front of the object and was often oriented towards it, suggesting that it was used for echolocation in close proximity to the object. In contrast, the Increasing type was rarely recorded during approach, but increased when a dolphin approached another dolphin. The Increasing and Burst-pulse types also increased when dolphins began social behaviours. These results suggest that some NBHF clicks have functions other than echolocation, such as communication.


Subject(s)
Animal Communication , Dolphins/physiology , Spatial Behavior/physiology , Vocalization, Animal/physiology , Animals , Echolocation/physiology , Female , Male , Sound
2.
Vet Microbiol ; 165(3-4): 455-9, 2013 Aug 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23643878

ABSTRACT

An outbreak of fatal fulminant hepatitis at a Japanese aquarium involved 3 otariids: a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), a South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus) and a South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens). In a span of about a week in February 2012, 3 otariids showed diarrhea and were acutely low-spirited; subsequently, all three animals died within a period of 3 days. Markedly increased aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase activities were observed. Necrotic hepatitis and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in liver hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells were observed in the South American sea lion on histological examination. Otarine adenovirus DNA was detected from the livers of all three animals by polymerase chain reaction and determination of the sequences showed that all were identical. These results suggest that a single otarine adenovirus strain may have been the etiological agent of this outbreak of fatal fulminant hepatitis among the different otariid species, and it may be a lethal threat to wild and captive otariids. This is the first evidence of an outbreak of lethal adenovirus infection among different otariid species.


Subject(s)
Adenoviridae Infections/veterinary , Adenoviridae/physiology , Animals, Zoo/virology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Fur Seals , Sea Lions , Adenoviridae/classification , Adenoviridae/genetics , Adenoviridae Infections/diagnosis , Adenoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Animals , DNA, Viral/genetics , Female , Genes, Viral/genetics , Liver/pathology , Liver/virology , Male , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction
3.
J Vet Med Sci ; 74(10): 1319-22, 2012 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22673747

ABSTRACT

Hematological and serum biochemical values in five captive finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) were examined, and abnormalities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyltransferase were determined in a male finless porpoise. The numbers of white and red blood cells in pregnant female porpoises were significantly lower than those in nonpregnant ones (P<0.05). Significantly higher values of serum creatinine were observed in summer when compared with the values in winter (P<0.01). Abnormalities of hepatic enzymes could improve with administration of ursodeoxycholic acid and a hepatic hydrolysate drug.


Subject(s)
Porpoises/blood , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Alkaline Phosphatase/blood , Animals , Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Blood Cell Count/veterinary , Cholesterol/blood , Creatinine/blood , Female , Hematocrit/veterinary , Hemoglobins/analysis , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/blood , Male , Pregnancy , Seasons , Triglycerides/blood , gamma-Glutamyltransferase/blood
4.
J Vet Med Sci ; 73(9): 1217-20, 2011 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21532258

ABSTRACT

We report an atypical mycobacterial infection in an Indian flap-shelled turtle, Lissemys punctata punctata, that died in an aquarium in Japan. At necropsy, the turtle showed multiple white nodules on the capsular surface and parenchyma of various organs such as the liver, spleen, intestine, and lung. Histologically, granulomatous inflammation surrounding a central zone of necrosis was observed. Sections stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen method revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli in the cytoplasm of macrophages and in the central area of necrosis. The organisms were identified as a mycobacterial species by PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis and revealed 98-100% homology to M. ulcerans. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of mycobacteriosis due to M. ulcerans in a turtle.


Subject(s)
Buruli Ulcer/veterinary , Mycobacterium ulcerans/isolation & purification , Turtles , Animals , Fatal Outcome
5.
Res Vet Sci ; 86(2): 216-22, 2009 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18723198

ABSTRACT

Concentrations of serum lipid components, lipid peroxide (LPO) and alpha-tocopherol and electrophoretic patterns of lipoproteins in serum samples obtained from captive marine mammals and terrestrial mammals were compared. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, free fatty acid, and phospholipid in fish-eating animals were significantly higher than those in manatees and cows. Serum LPO and alpha-tocopherol concentrations in the fish-eating animals were also significantly higher than those in manatees, cows and dogs. Different patterns of densitometric scans of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and a significantly lower percentage of LDL were demonstrated in the dolphins compared with the seals, cow and dogs. The concentration of LPO was significantly correlated with triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations in serum from the dolphins. These results suggest that triglyceride and phospholipid are susceptible to oxidative reaction in fish-eating animals. Evaluation of serum lipids, LPO and alpha-tocopherol concentrations is needed for nutritional husbandry for fish-eating animals.


Subject(s)
Bottle-Nosed Dolphin/blood , Lipid Peroxides/blood , Lipoproteins/blood , Seals, Earless/blood , Trichechus/blood , alpha-Tocopherol/blood , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Cattle , Dogs , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Female , Male , Statistics, Nonparametric
6.
J Vet Med Sci ; 64(12): 1141-3, 2002 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12520109

ABSTRACT

Changes in interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in serum, and their mRNA expression on neutrophils from a 4.6-month old Holstein young calf with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) during the acute phase were evaluated. IL-1beta concentrations in the serum of the calf with BLAD at age 143-162 days ranged from 8.7 to 16.6 ng/ml, whereas the values were less than 2.7 ng/ml in control calves. Serum IL-6 (0.04 ng/ml) was only detected on the 1st day when the animal was diagnosed with the BLAD. IL-1beta and IL-8 mRNA expression on neutrophils from the affected calf appeared to be similar to those of controls. Serum cytokine levels and their mRNA expression on neutrophils from the calf with BLAD appeared to be little affected by the deficient expression of beta(2)-integrin on leukocytes, and are considered to be modulated by the inflammatory stimuli.


Subject(s)
Acute-Phase Reaction/immunology , Interleukin-1 , Interleukin-6 , Interleukin-8 , Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome/immunology , Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome/veterinary , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/blood , Cattle Diseases/genetics , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Gene Expression Regulation , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/blood , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/immunology , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/veterinary , Interleukin-1/blood , Interleukin-1/genetics , Interleukin-6/blood , Interleukin-6/genetics , Interleukin-8/blood , Interleukin-8/genetics , Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome/blood , Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome/genetics , Neutrophils/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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