Urinary extracellular vesicle dynamics in Parkinson's disease patients with urinary dysfunction.

Parkinson's disease (PD) presents with severe motor manifestations and a plethora of non-motor symptoms. Urinary dysfunctions are one of the most common non-motor symptoms of PD patients responsible for reduced quality of life. Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mostly considered to originate from the cells in the urogenital tract. In this study, we have performed urinary EV analysis in 29 PD cases with varied severity of urinary dysfunction and correlated it with the EV dynamics in 29 age-matched controls. In the studied cases, apart from urinary dysfunction, symptoms of depression, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, sleep, and wakefulness were observed in >75% of the cases. No significant difference in urinary EV size, concentration and urinary EV protein concentration was observed between PD cases with urinary dysfunction and controls. However, a significant positive association was observed between urinary EV concentration and motor scores (p = 0.042), while no association was observed between urinary EV concentration and urinary dysfunction scores. Chronic stress induced by motor symptoms could be one of the reasons for excessive EV production in PD patients with urinary dysfunctions. Large-scale studies on the association of urinary EV dynamics with motor and non-motor symptoms may provide additional information on urinary dysfunction in PD.

Can acid produced from probiotic bacteria alter the surface roughness, microhardness, and elemental composition of enamel? An in vitro study.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that upon administration in adequate amounts provide various health benefits to the host. Probiotics are "lactic acid-producing bacteria" as they release large amounts of organic acids, particularly lactic acids, in their surrounding environment. Although the acids produced by probiotics are beneficial for gastrointestinal and vaginal health, the acidogenic nature of probiotics has raised concerns among dental professionals, especially concerning their effect on the enamel and dentin. Previous studies have found that probiotics can lower the pH of the saliva and cause essential elements like Calcium and Phosphorus to leach from the enamel. This can alter the surface topography of enamel and increase the risk of enamel defects. Studies have also noted that probiotic bacteria can replace cariogenic bacteria and lower the risk of tooth decay. However, the effect of acid produced by probiotics on the enamel surface remains unclear. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of probiotics on the surface roughness, microhardness, and elemental composition of enamel compared to 0.1 M Lactic acid (demineralizing agent). Twenty enamel sections were randomly divided into groups and subjected to a pH cycling model using a probiotic suspension and 0.1 M lactic acid. The changes in the surface roughness, microhardness, surface morphology, and elemental composition of the enamel with regard to Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Hydrogen, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Fluoride, Chlorine, and Calcium of the enamel were evaluated before and after the emersion in both the groups. The results showed a significant increase in the mean surface roughness in the probiotic group before and after the exposure. The microhardness of the enamel decreased along with altered arrangement of the enamel prisms, increased striations, scratch marks, and pitting after exposure to the probiotic group. A decrease in the atomic/weight% for Calcium, Phosphorous, Fluoride, Aluminium, and Oxygen and an increase in the weight/atomic% for Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sodium were noted compared to the baseline in the probiotic solution. The results in the probiotic group were comparable to the 0.1 M lactic acids. The pH changed from 5.78 to 3.06 at the end of 24 h in the probiotic group. Based on these findings, we conclude that exposure to probiotics can affect microhardness and surface roughness and cause leaching of essential elements like Calcium and Phosphorous from the enamel.

Influence of particulate alkaline biomaterial remnants in dentin on the adhesion of two resin-based bonding systems.

To study aimed to evaluate the influence of infiltrated alkaline biomaterials on the bond strength of composite obtained with etch and rinse and universal adhesive systems. Coronal dentin of extracted human molars was exposed and infiltrated with calcium hydroxide, MTA, or bioactive glass 45S5 powder. Non-infiltrated dentin specimens served as controls. Subsequently, dentin was either acid-etched or not, and remaining alkali content was measured by pH induction in water. Shear bond strength of an etch-and rinse system (Adper Single Bond 2) on etched dentin was then compared to that of a universal counterpart (Single Bond [(Scotchbond) Universal] by the same manufacturer. Data was compared between groups using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. On sound dentin, the etch-and-rinse system adhered stronger than the universal system (p < .05). All particles rendered the dentin alkaline. Acid etching reduced the alkali content in the infiltrated dentin. However, bond strength values were stronger with the universal system without etching than with the etch-and rinse counterpart, which lost more than 60% of its adhesiveness. The universal adhesive system was less susceptible to alkaline contamination of the dentin than the etch-and-rinse counterpart. Based on the similar composition of the two systems under investigation, this is likely to the due to its 10-MDP component.