ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Objective: The stability and delivery of drugs remain one of the key hurdles in the present situation. The present study depends on the design of a novel nanoemulsion drugdelivery system that would encapsulate a drug and to improve drug stability. The charisma of nanotechnology is majorly due to the smallest particle size at the nanoscale. METHODS: Nanoemulsions attention is focused on emphasizing formulation aspect, method of preparation characterization techniques, evaluation parameters and various application of the nanoemulsions, several techniques to be used for the preparation of nanoemulsions like microfluidization, high-pressure homogenization, low energy emulsification and solvent evaporation method and their parameters to be characterized. RESULTS: The design of effective formulations for drugs is being applied to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of water-insoluble drugs. The nanosized droplets have led to considerable attraction for this formulation, for the delivery of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic drugs as drug carriers because of their improved drug solubilization capacity, long shelf life, ease of preparation and improvement of bioavailability of drugs. CONCLUSION: The application of these nanoformulation preparations, limitations, their advantages and disadvantages as nanoemulsions will solve the various problems that current therapeutic agents face and has opened a new scenario to formulate nanoemulsions with various therapeutic agents with heightened competence along with oral drug delivery to treat diseases in the near future.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Nanoparticles , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Biological Availability , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Drug Stability , Emulsions , Humans , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Particle Size , Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry , SolubilityABSTRACT
In the present study, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of toluidine blue (TB) encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) was investigated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus treated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using a red diode laser 670 nm wavelength, 97.65 J cm-2 radiant exposure, 5 min). Physico-chemical techniques (UV-visible (UV-vis) absorption, photoluminescence emission, excitation, and FTIR) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were employed to characterize the conjugate of TB encapsulated in MSN (TB MSN). TB MSN showed maximum antimicrobial activities corresponding to 5.03 and 5.56 log CFU ml-1 reductions against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, respectively, whereas samples treated with TB alone showed 2.36 and 2.66 log CFU ml-1 reductions. Anti-biofilm studies confirmed that TB MSN effectively inhibits biofilm formation and production of extracellular polymeric substances by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.
Subject(s)
Biofilms/drug effects , Photochemotherapy/methods , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Silicon Dioxide/chemistry , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Tolonium Chloride/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Light , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Nanoparticles , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapyABSTRACT
To photo-catalytically degrade RhB dye using solar irradiation, CeO2 doped TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized hydrothermally at 700 °C for 9 hrs. All emission spectra showed a prominent band centered at 442 nm that was attributed to oxygen related defects in the CeO2-TiO2 nanocrystals. Two sharp absorption bands at 1418 cm-1 and 3323 cm-1 were attributed to the deformation and stretching vibration, and bending vibration of the OH group of water physisorbed to TiO2, respectively. The photocatalytic activities of Ce-TiO2 nanocrystals were investigated through the degradation of RhB under UV and UV+ visible light over a period of 8 hrs. After 8 hrs, the most intense absorption peak at 579 nm disappeared under the highest photocatalytic activity and 99.89% of RhB degraded under solar irradiation. Visible light-activated TiO2 could be prepared from metal-ion incorporation, reduction of TiO2, non-metal doping or sensitizing of TiO2 using dyes. Studying the antibacterial activity of Ce-TiO2 nanocrystals against E. coli revealed significant activity when 10 µg was used, suggesting that it can be used as an antibacterial agent. Its effectiveness is likely related to its strong oxidation activity and superhydrophilicity. This study also discusses the mechanism of heterogeneous photocatalysis in the presence of TiO2.
