ABSTRACT
Development of human genetic and proteomic research has increased the interest in alternative head-and-neck cancer (HNC) detection methods. The aim of this article, the second of two-part series, was to review the scientific literature about novel HNC genetic and proteomic biomarkers. A comprehensive review of the current literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines by accessing the NCBI PubMed database. Authors conducted the search of articles in English language published from 2004 to 2015. A total of 50 relevant studies were included in the review. Thirty of them concerned proteomic and twenty genetic alterations in HNC. The present systematic review discovered 242 genes and 44 proteins associated with HNC. Due to inconsistent and sparse results, novel biomarkers cannot be firmly established. Prognostic capacity of genetic markers was not evaluated. Proteins (14-3-3γ, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, and PA28γ) were described as most valuable for prognostic observation of HNC. A strict methodological protocol for molecular studies must be established.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , Mutation , Proteomics/methods , Gene Expression Profiling , Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics , Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism , Humans , PrognosisABSTRACT
Self-inflicted gunshot injuries to the head and neck area are challenging cases. Immediate and complex approach is required due to complexity of head and neck anatomy. The extent of injury largely depends on velocity of a rifle and penetrated tissues. Management of these type of patients consist of vital resuscitation, primary wound management, soft and hard tissue reconstruction and rehabilitation. Here we present two cases of self-inflicted gunshot injuries with low and high velocity rifles.
Subject(s)
Facial Injuries/surgery , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Suicide, Attempted , Wounds, Gunshot/surgery , Aged , Head/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Jaw/diagnostic imaging , Jaw/injuries , Male , Middle Aged , Orthognathic Surgical Procedures , Radiography, Panoramic , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Nearly half of the head and neck cancer cases are diagnosed in late stages. Traditional screening modalities have many disadvantages. The aim of the present article was to review the scientific literature about novel head and neck cancer diagnostics - epigenetic biomarkers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A comprehensive review of the current literature was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines by accessing the NCBI PubMed database. Authors conducted the search of articles in English language published from 2004 to 2015. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of thirty three relevant studies were included in the review. Fifteen of them concerned DNA methylation alterations, nine evaluation of abundancies in histone expressions and nine miRNA expression changes in HNC. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable number of epigenetic biomarkers have been identified in both tumor tissue and salivary samples. Genes with best diagnostic effectiveness rates and further studying prospects were: TIMP3, DCC, DAPK, CDH1, CCNA1, AIM1, MGMT, HIC1, PAX1, PAX5, ZIC4, p16, EDNRB, KIF1A, MINT31, CD44, RARß , ECAD. Individual histone and miRNA alterations tend to be hnc specific. Prognostic values of separate biomarkers are ambiguous. No established standards for molecular assay of head and neck cancer was found in order to elude the paradoxical results and discrepancies in separate trials.
