[Clamping procedures in hepatic surgery].

The advance of liver surgery and transplantation offers a new procedures--vascular clamping. Results of hepatic resections depends essentially on proper control of intraoperative hemorrhage. We present here the different procedures for vascular clamping and discussing their indications. Four parametres can be used to define the type of clamping: 1) place of application--control of arterial or glisson pedicles and portal veins (pedicles, selective hilar, suprahilar and intrahepatic clamps), suprahepatic veins or vena cava; 2) selectivity--partial or total clamp of hepatic blood supply; 3) duration--continuous or intermittent; 4) association measures to favor tolerence to ischemia (cooling, preservation fluids) or to limit downstream consequences (extracorporal circulaton, derivation). The clamping procedures depends on the localisation of the lesion and its relationships with the great vessels, presence of liver desease and the patients general and cardiovascular status. The aim is to use clamp moderate, favoring selective clamps to avoid ischemia.

Technical Advance: Stable chloroplast transformation in potato: use of green fluorescent protein as a plastid marker.

We describe here the development of a reproducible plastid transformation system for potato and regeneration of plants with uniformly transformed plastids. Two distinct tobacco-specific plastid vectors, pZS197 (Prrn/aadA/TpsbA) and pMON30125 (Prrn/GFP/Trps16:PpsbA/aadA/TpsbA), designed for integration into the large single copy and inverted repeat regions of the plastid genome, respectively, were bombarded into leaf explants of potato line FL1607. A total of three transgenic lines were selected out of 46 plates bombarded with pZS197 and three transgenic lines out of 104 plates were obtained with pMON30125. Development of a high frequency leaf-based regenera- tion system, a stringent selection scheme and optimization of biolistic transformation protocol were critical for recovery of plastid transformants. Plastid-expressed green fluorescent protein was used as a visual marker for identification of plastid transformants at the early stage of selection and shoot regeneration. The establishment of a plastid transformation system in potato, which has several advantages over routinely used nuclear transformation, offers new possibilities for genetic improvement of this crop.