ABSTRACT
In this study, we investigated whether glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) had antidepressant-like effects in mice, and whether these activities were associated with monoamine systems in mice. Antidepressant-like effects were evaluated based on the immobility time in the forced-swim test. GLP-2 (1.5-6 microg/mouse, i.c.v.) significantly reduced the immobility time in a dose-dependent manner without affecting locomotor activity in the wheel running test and memory function in the step-down passive avoidance test. These effects were inhibited by pretreatment with metergoline (an antagonist of non-specific 5-HT receptors), parachlorophenylalanine (an inhibitor of 5-HT synthase), NAN-190 (an antagonist of 5-HT1A receptors), yohimbine hydrochloride (an antagonist of alpha2 adrenoceptors), atenolol (an antagonist of beta1 receptors), and raclopride (an antagonist of D2 receptors), but not prazosin (an antagonist of alpha1 adrenoceptors), ICI118551 (an antagonist of beta2 adrenoceptors), and SCH23394 (an antagonist of D1 receptors). These results suggest that GLP-2 exerts antidepressant-like effects in the forced-swim test in mice, which are associated with 5-HT1A, alpha2, beta1 and D2 receptors.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Biogenic Monoamines/metabolism , Depression/drug therapy , Depression/physiopathology , Glucagon-Like Peptide 2/therapeutic use , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Male , Memory/drug effects , Memory/physiology , Mice , Motor Activity/drug effects , Motor Activity/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism , Receptors, Dopamine/metabolism , Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism , Restraint, Physical , Signal Transduction/drug effects , SwimmingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare noninvasive tear meniscus height (NI-TMH) using a tear interference device in normal subjects and dry eye patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS), and to investigate the applicability of this new method before and after the punctal occlusion procedure. DESIGN: Prospective case control study. METHODS: Tear meniscus was visualized noninvasively using a tear interference device (Tearscope plus, Keeler, Windsor, United Kingdom). Tear interference image was captured with digital video camera (SP-321, JFC Sales Plan Co, Tokyo, Japan) attached to the slit-lamp. Lower lid margin NI-TMH was measured using image analysis software. NI-TMH of 28 eyes from 17 normal subjects and 46 eyes from 27 aqueous tear deficiency (ATD) dry eye patients with SS were compared. The change of NI-TMH three weeks after the successful punctal occlusion was examined in 11 eyes of eight dry eye subjects. RESULTS: Tear meniscus was well visualized with the tear interference device in all cases. Lower lid margin NI-TMH was 0.22 +/- 0.065 mm in normal subjects, and 0.13 +/- 0.042 mm in SS subjects, respectively (P < .0001). After the punctal occlusion, lower lid margin NI-TMH increased significantly from 0.12 +/- 0.026 mm to 0.42 +/- 0.21 mm (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: NI-TMH was substantially lower in SS subjects and also significantly improved after punctal occlusion. This method is expected to be helpful in the diagnosis and in the evaluation of the efficacy of punctal occlusion in ATD dry eyes such as SS.
