In rural Ugandan communities the traditional kinship/clan system is vital to the success and sustainment of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control.

In rural Ugandan communities where onchocerciasis is meso- or hyper-endemic, control of the disease is now being carried out using a strategy of community-directed programmes for the annual distribution of ivermectin to all persons eligible to take the drug. For these programmes to achieve their annual target coverage of at least 90% of the population eligible to take ivermectin, and to continue to sustain themselves for 10-15 years or more, even after external donor funding ceases, it has been found essential to replace the initial community-based strategy, imposed from outside, by a community-directed strategy developed by the community members themselves. Furthermore, it is essential for success that full use be made of the traditional social system, which is very strong in all rural communities in Uganda. This system is based on patrilineal kinships and clans, governed by traditional law, and in it women pay an important role. If this system is ignored or by-passed by government health personnel or by the sponsors and promoters of the programme, the communities are likely to fail to reach their targets. When rural communities increase in size and complexity, following development and the arrival of migrant families, they become semi-urbanized. The kinship/clan system is then weakened, community-directed drug distribution is much more difficult to organize, and coverage targets are not often achieved. This effect is of minor importance in a rural disease, such as onchocerciasis, but is likely to be of greater significance in the control of diseases, such as tuberculosis and lymphatic filariasis, which thrive in urban environments.

Controlling onchocerciasis by community-directed, ivermectin-treatment programmes in Uganda: why do some communities succeed and others fail?

In Uganda, human onchocerciasis is controlled by annual, mass, community-directed, ivermectin-treatment programmes (CDITP) in all endemic communities where the prevalence of the disease is > or = 30%. This is a practical, long-term and cost-effective strategy. In some communities, this system succeeds in providing treatment at the desired level of coverage (i.e. 90% of the annual treatment objective, which is itself equivalent to all those individuals eligible to take ivermectin). Other communities, however, fail to reach this target. The aim of the present study was to determine the factors that were significantly associated with success or failure in achieving this target. The data analysed were answers to a questionnaire completed by 10 household heads randomly selected from each of 64 randomly selected endemic communities (of which 36 succeeded and 28 failed to reach their coverage target) in the four districts of Kabale, Moyo, Nebbi and Rukungiri. Among the programme-related factors investigated, success was associated, at a statistical level of significance (P < or = 0.05), with involvement of community members in: (1) decisions about the execution of the programme; (2) attendance at health-education sessions; (3) selection of the community-based distributors (CDB); and (4) rewarding CBD in kind. In general, the involvement of community members in the planning and execution of a CDITP (and the resultant sense of pride in community ownership) was more likely to produce successful results than when external health workers or even community leaders or local councils took responsibility.

Rural Ugandan communities: the traditional kinship

In rural Ugandan communities where onchocerciasis is meso- or hyper-endemic; control of the diseases is now being carried out using a strategy of community-directed programmes for the annual distribution of ivermectin to all persons eligible to take the drug. For these programmes to achieve their annual target coverage of at least 90of the population eligible to take ivermectin; and to continue to sustain themselves for 10-15 years or more; even after external donor funding ceases; it has beenfound essential to replace the initial community-based strategy; imposed from outside; by a community-directed strategy developed by the community members themselves. Furthermore; it is essential for success that full use be made of the traditional social system; which is very strong in all rural communities in Uganda. This system is based on patrilineal kinships and clans; governed by traditional law; and in it women pay an important role. If this system is ignored or by-passed by government health personnel or by the sponsors and promoters of the programme; the communities are likely to fail to reach their targets. When rural communities semi-urbanized. The kinship/ clan system is then weakened; community-directed drug distribution is much more difficult to organize; and coverage targets are not often achieved. This effect is of minor importance in a rural disease; such as onchocerciasis; but is likely to be of greater significance in the control of diseases; such as tuberculosis and lymphatic filariasis; which thrive in urban environments