ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Among the conditions underlying childhood daytime incontinence the most frequent is overactive bladder (OAB). Parasacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (parasacral TENS) is a promising therapy for OAB treatment in children; however, there is no standard treatment protocol. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immediate and continued effects of parasacral TENS monotherapy in children with OAB. STUDY DESIGN: 57 children at mean age 10.8 years diagnosed with OAB at a single centre were prospectively enrolled from 2013 to 2018. The inclusion criterion was typical OAB symptoms. The treatment results were evaluated based on objective measurements from bladder diaries, 48 h frequency/volume (48 h F/V) charts, and uroflowmetry. The parasacral TENS treatment lasted for 4 months, twice daily, with 1 h sessions. Results were evaluated at three time points: 2 months of therapy, 4 months (end of active therapy), and 10 months (6 months after cessation of therapy). RESULTS: After 4 months of parasacral TENS treatment, the number of days with daytime incontinence decreased from 7.23 to 3.94/14 days (p < 0.05), nocturnal enuresis decreased from 6.81 to 3.77/14 days (p < 0.05), and urgency episodes from 7.36 to 3.58 in 14 days (p < 0.05). Treatment effects remained stable 6 months after therapy cessation regarding days with daytime incontinence (from 3.94 [immediately after treatment] to 3.28 in 14 days [6 months after treatment cessation]), nocturnal enuresis (from 3.77 to 2.91 in 14 days), and urgency episodes (from 3.58 to 2.12 in 14 days) (p < 0.05). Complete response after 6 months of therapy was observed in 32% of patients with daytime incontinence, 35% with nocturnal enuresis, and 50% with urgency episodes. DISCUSSION: A recent systematic review of parasacral TENS in children with OAB included only two studies with a follow up of 6 months or longer after treatment cessation; therefore, little is known about the continued effects of parasacral TENS. High rates of complete symptom remission were reported in studies where only subjective symptoms were evaluated. Results of our study reveal that the positive effect of treatment persist. The strengths of the present study include its prospective design, large sample size, and uniform standard urotherapy performed prior to TENS. CONCLUSIONS: The use of parasacral TENS in children with OAB is effective and results in a significant reduction in daytime incontinence, nocturnal enuresis, and urgency episodes. A longer treatment duration of 4 months leads to more improvement and the effects remain stable 6 months after treatment cessation.
