ABSTRACT
In an effort to evaluate whether a recently reported putative metallo-ß-lactamase (MßL) contains a novel MßL active site, SPS-1 from Sediminispirochaeta smaragdinae was overexpressed, purified, and characterized using spectroscopic and crystallographic studies. Metal analyses demonstrate that recombinant SPS-1 binds nearly 2 equiv of Zn(II), and steady-state kinetic studies show that the enzyme hydrolyzes carbapenems and certain cephalosporins but not ß-lactam substrates with bulky substituents at the 6/7 position. Spectroscopic studies of Co(II)-substituted SPS-1 suggest a novel metal center in SPS-1, with a reduced level of spin coupling between the metal ions and a novel Zn1 metal binding site. This site was confirmed with a crystal structure of the enzyme. The structure shows a Zn2 site that is similar to that in NDM-1 and other subclass B1 MßLs; however, the Zn1 metal ion is coordinated by two histidine residues and a water molecule, which is held in position by a hydrogen bond network. The Zn1 metal is displaced nearly 1 Å from the position reported in other MßLs. The structure also shows extended helices above the active site, which create a binding pocket that precludes the binding of substrates with large, bulky substituents at the 6/7 position of ß-lactam antibiotics. This study reveals a novel metal binding site in MßLs and suggests that the targeting of metal binding sites in MßLs with inhibitors is now more challenging with the identification of this new MßL.
Subject(s)
Spirochaeta/enzymology , Zinc/metabolism , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , beta-Lactams/metabolism , Binding Sites , Catalytic Domain , Crystallography, X-Ray , Kinetics , Models, Molecular , Phylogeny , Protein Conformation , Zinc/chemistry , beta-Lactamases/chemistry , beta-Lactams/chemistryABSTRACT
Metallo-ß-lactamases (MBLs) are a growing threat to the continued efficacy of ß-lactam antibiotics. Recently, aspergillomarasmine A (AMA) was identified as an MBL inhibitor, but the mode of inhibition was not fully characterized. Equilibrium dialysis and metal analysis studies revealed that 2 equiv of AMA effectively removes 1 equiv of Zn(II) from MBLs NDM-1, VIM-2, and IMP-7 when the MBL is at micromolar concentrations. Conversely, 1H NMR studies revealed that 2 equiv of AMA remove 2 equiv of Co(II) from Co(II)-substituted NDM-1, VIM-2, and IMP-7 when the MBL/AMA are at millimolar concentrations. Our findings reveal that AMA inhibits the MBLs by removal of the active site metal ions required for ß-lactam hydrolysis among the most clinically significant MBLs.
