ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There are no established guidelines for the management of apocrine carcinomas of the breast; they are treated as a non-specific type of breast cancer. CASE REPORT: We report on the case of a 40-year-old man who developed primary mediastinal apocrine carcinoma overexpressing human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2). The patient initially underwent complete resection of a mediastinal mature teratoma with a focal apocrine carcinoma component. Two years after surgery, relapse was detected in multiple mediastinal lymph nodes. He received induction chemotherapy including docetaxel, trastuzumab, and pertuzumab; consolidative concurrent chemoradiation was added after six cycles. A complete response was confirmed using computed tomography following this multimodal therapy. After chemoradiation, adjuvant trastuzumab and pertuzumab were administered for 1 year and the patient has since had no evidence of progressive disease. CONCLUSION: A multi-modal regimen that includes an anti-HER2 agent appears to be a promising treatment for patients with HER2-positive extramammary apocrine carcinoma.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Mediastinal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics , Teratoma/drug therapy , Adult , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant , Combined Modality Therapy , Docetaxel/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Mediastinal Neoplasms/genetics , Mediastinal Neoplasms/pathology , Mediastinal Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Mediastinum/pathology , Neoadjuvant Therapy , Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Teratoma/genetics , Teratoma/pathology , Teratoma/radiotherapyABSTRACT
Near ambient pressures, molecular diffusion dominates protonic diffusion in ice. Theoretical studies have predicted that protonic diffusion will dominate at high pressures in ice. We measured the protonic diffusion coefficient for the highest temperature molecular phase of ice VII at 400 kelvin over its entire stable pressure region. The values ranged from 10(-17) to 10(-15) square meters per second at pressures of 10 to 63 gigapascals. The diffusion coefficients extrapolated to high temperatures close to the ice VII melting curve were less by a factor of 10(2) to 10(3) than a superionic criterion of approximately 10(-8) square meters per second, at which protons would diffuse freely.
