High multidrug resistance in urinary tract infections in a tertiary hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.

SETTING: Tribhuvan University Teaching Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, May-October 2019. OBJECTIVE: 1) To describe the bacteriological profile, 2) to identify the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern, and 3) to find the demographic characteristics associated with the presence of bacterial growth and multidrug resistance (MDR) in adult urine samples undergoing culture and drug susceptibility testing. DESIGN: This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study using routine laboratory records. RESULTS: Among 11,776 urine samples, 16% (1,865/11,776) were culture-positive, predominantly caused by Escherichia coli (1,159/1,865; 62%). We found a high prevalence of resistance to at least one antibiotic (1,573/1,865; 84%) and MDR (1,000/1,865; 54%). Resistance to commonly used antibiotics for urinary tract infections (UTIs) such as ceftazidime, levofloxacin, cefepime and ampicillin was high. Patients aged ⩾60 years (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.7) were more likely to have culture positivity. Patients with age ⩾45 years (45-59 years: aPR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.7; ⩾60 years: aPR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.6), male sex (aPR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.5) and from inpatient settings (aPR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.7) had significantly higher prevalence of MDR. CONCLUSION: Urine samples from a tertiary hospital showed high prevalence of E. coli and MDR to routinely used antibiotics, especially among inpatients. Regular surveillance and application of updated antibiograms are crucial to monitor the AMR situation in Nepal.

LIEU: Hôpital universitaire de soins tertiaires de Tribhuvan, Katmandu, Népal, mai­octobre 2019. OBJECTIF: 1) Décrire le profil bactériologique, 2) identifier le profil de résistance antimicrobienne (AMR), et 3) identifier les caractéristiques démographiques associées à la présence de croissance bactérienne et de résistance à plusieurs médicaments (MDR) dans les échantillons urinaires d'adultes mis en culture et testés pour sensibilité aux médicaments. MÉTHODE: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale hospitalière réalisée en utilisant les dossiers de laboratoire de routine. RÉSULTATS: Parmi 11 776 échantillons urinaires, 16% (1 865/11 776) étaient positifs par culture, principalement à Escherichia coli (1 159/1 865 ; 62%). Nous avons observé une prévalence élevée de résistance à au moins un antibiotique (1 573/1 865 ; 84%) et de MDR (1 000/1 865 ; 54%). La résistance aux antibiotiques fréquemment utilisés dans le traitement des infections urinaires (UTI), comme la ceftazidime, la lévofloxacine, la céfépime et l'ampicilline était élevée. Les patients âgés ⩾ 60 ans (ratio de prévalence ajusté [aPR] 1,6 ; IC 95% 1,4­1,7) étaient plus susceptibles d'avoir une culture positive. Les patients âgés de ⩾ 45 ans (45­59 ans : aPR 1,5 ; IC 95% 1,3­1,7 ; ⩾ 60 ans : aPR 1,4 ; IC 95% 1,2­1,6), les hommes (aPR 1,3 ; IC 95% 1,2­1,5) et les patients hospitalisés (aPR 1,4 ; IC 95% 1,2­1,7) avaient une prévalence significativement plus élevée de MDR. CONCLUSION: Les échantillons urinaires d'un hôpital tertiaire étaient associés à une prévalence élevée d'E. coli et de MDR aux antibiotiques utilisés en routine, notamment chez les patients hospitalisés. Une surveillance régulière et l'utilisation d'antibiogrammes à jour sont essentielles au suivi de l'AMR au Népal.

High drug resistance among Gram-negative bacteria in sputum samples from an intensive care unit in Nepal.

SETTING: Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. OBJECTIVES: 1) To report the number and proportion of Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas (PABS) species among intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sputum culture; and 2) to assess antimicrobial resistance patterns, demographic and clinical characteristics associated with resistance to at least one antibiotic and ICU discharge outcomes among those patients with PABS species admitted to hospital between 14 April 2018 and 13 April 2019. DESIGN: This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional study using secondary data. RESULTS: Of 166 who underwent sputum culture, 104 (63%) had bacterial growth, of which, 67 (64%) showed PABS species. Of the positive cultures, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia and Stenotrophomonas were present in respectively 32 (30.7%), 31 (29.8%), 1 (1%) and 3 (2.8%). Pseudomonas showed a high level of resistance to levofloxacin (61%), cefepime (50%) and amikacin (50%). Acinetobacter was largely resistant to cefepime (95%), imipenem (92%) and levofloxacin (86%). Of the 67 with PABS infection, 32 (48%) died. CONCLUSION: The study showed a high prevalence of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter and the emergence of Stenotrophomonas in sputum culture samples of ICU patients. This highlights the need for monitoring PABS and associated resistance patterns to reduce mortality in ICU patients.

LIEU: Hôpital universitaire de Tribhuvan, Katmandu, Népal. OBJECTIFS: 1) Rapporter le nombre et le pourcentage d'espèces de Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia et Stenotrophomonas (PABS) parmi les patients admis en soins intensifs (ICU) avec culture d'expectorations ; et 2) évaluer les profils de résistance antimicrobienne, les caractéristiques démographiques et cliniques associées à la résistance à au moins un antibiotique et le devenir des patients après un séjour en ICU parmi ceux infectés par une espèce PABS admis à l'hôpital entre le 14 avril 2018 et le 13 avril 2019. MÉTHODE: Étude transversale hospitalière réalisée en utilisant des données secondaires. RÉSULTATS: Sur 166 patients dont les échantillons d'expectorations ont été mis en culture, 104 (63%) présentaient une croissance bactérienne dont 67 (64%) étaient associées à la présence d'espèces PABS. Parmi les cultures positives, PABS étaient présents dans respectivement 32 (30,7%), 31 (29,8%), une (1%) et trois (2,8%) cultures. Pseudomonas a été associé à un niveau de résistance élevé à la lévofloxacine (61%), à la céfépime (50%) et à l'amikacine (50%). Acinetobacter était majoritairement résistant à la céfépime (95%), à l'imipénème (92%) et à la lévofloxacine (86%). Sur les 67 patients présentant une infection à PABS, 32 (48%) sont décédés. CONCLUSION: L'étude a montré une forte prévalence de Pseudomonas et Acinetobacter, ainsi que l'émergence de Stenotrophomonas dans les échantillons de culture d'expectorations des patients admis en ICU. Cela souligne le besoin de suivi des espèces PABS et des profils de résistance associés afin de réduire la mortalité des patients admis en ICU.

Phenotypic Characterization of Multidrug-resistant Escherichia Coli with Special Reference to Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases and Metallo-beta-lactamases in a Tertiary Care Center.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing reports on extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase and metallo-beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli have addressed a potential threat to global health since it is found to be highly resistance to most of the currently available antibiotics including carbapenems. The present study was aimed to determine the antibiogram of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase and metallo-beta-lactamase producing MDR E. coli isolates from various clinical samples. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of seven months from December 2013 to July 2014 at bacteriology laboratory of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. A total of 250 clinical specimens (urine, pus, sputum, blood, body fluid, bile, tissue and central venous pressure line tip) were processed from inpatients, with multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli infections. Standard microbiological techniques were used for isolation and identification of the isolates. The presence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase was detected by phenotypic confirmatory test recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and imipenem (IMP) /EDTA combined disc method was performed to detect metallo-beta-lactamase mediated resistance mechanism. RESULTS: We found high level of beta lactamase mediated resistance mechanism as part of multidrug resistance. Among 250 MDR isolates, 60% isolates were extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase producers and 17.2% isolates were metallo-beta-lactamase producers. Co-existence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase and metallo-beta-lactamase identified in 6.8% isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Beta-lactamase mediated resistance mechanisms are accounting very high in the multidrug resistant isolates of E. coli. Therefore, early detection of beta lactamase mediated resistant strains and their current antibiotic susceptibility pattern is necessary to avoid treatment failure and prevent the spread of MDR.

Metallo-beta-lactamase producing gram-negative bacterial isolates.

BACKGROUND: The global emergence of metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL) producing bacterial isolates causing lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has resulted in fewer therapeutic options in treatment modalities. However, to our knowledge no studies regarding MBLs had been done so far in Nepal. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the current level of MBL producing bacterial isolates in our setup. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of six months (June to November 2008) at Bacteriology laboratory of a teaching hospital. A total of 1120 specimens representing lower respiratory tract (sputum, endotracheal secretion and bronchial washing) were processed from outpatients and inpatients, with suspected LRTI, at TUTH. The specimens were collected and processed according to the standard methodology. Combination disk method and Double disk synergy test methods were used for the detection of MBL producing isolates. RESULTS: Respiratory pathogens were recovered from 497 (44.4%) of suspected cases. Among these, gram-negative bacteria were observed in 448 (84.0%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 286 (53.7%) of the total bacterial isolates. MBL was present in 6 (1.3%) of the total 448 gram-negative isolates. MBL was detected by both DDST and CD methods in 3 isolates each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. from inpatients. All MBL producers were MDR. CONCLUSIONS: MBL-producing gram negative bacteria were detected from LRTI isolates in this study and this data can be used as base-line information of this novel type of ß-lactamase in our setup.