Walking Ability and Brain Natriuretic Peptide Are Highly Predictive of Kidney Transplant Waiting List Removal.

Kidney transplant waitlist management is complex because waiting time is long, and the patients have significant comorbidities. Identification of patients at highest risk for waiting list removal for death and medical complications could allow better outcomes and allocation of resources. Methods: Demographics, functional and frailty assessment' and biochemical data were retrospectively analyzed on 313 consecutive patients listed for kidney transplant. Troponin, brain natriuretic peptide, components of the Fried frailty metrics, pedometer activity, and treadmill ability were measured at the time of transplant evaluation and at subsequent re-evaluations. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with death or waiting list removal for medical reasons. Multivariate models were created to identify significant predictor sets. Results: Among 249 patients removed while waitlisted, 19 (6.1%) died and 51 (16.3%) were removed for medical reasons. Mean follow-up duration was 2.3 y (±1.5 y). 417 sets of measurements were collected. Significant (P < 0.05) non-time-dependent variables associated with the composite outcome identified on univariate analysis included N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (BNP), treadmill ability, pedometer activity, diagnosis of diabetes and the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale question asking how many days per week could you not get going. Significant time-dependent factors included BNP, treadmill ability, Up and Go, pedometer activity, handgrip, 30 s chair sit-stand test, and age. The optimal time-dependent predictor set included BNP, treadmill ability, and patient age. Conclusions: Changes in functional and biochemical markers are predictive of kidney waitlist removal for death and medical reasons. BNP and measures of walking ability were of particular importance.

Psychosocial characteristics of patients evaluated for kidney transplant and associations with functional and frailty metrics at a veterans affairs hospital.

BACKGROUND: The effect of psychosocial problems on listing outcomes and potential interactions with functional metrics is not well-characterized among Veteran transplant candidates. METHODS: The results from psychosocial evaluations, frailty metrics, and biochemical markers were collected on 375 consecutive Veteran kidney transplant candidates. Psychosocial diagnoses were compared between patients listed or denied for transplant. Functional abilities were compared among patients with or without psychosocial diagnoses and then evaluated based on reason for denial. RESULTS: Eighty-four percent of patients had a psychosocial diagnosis. Common issues included substance or alcohol abuse (62%), psychiatric diagnoses (50%), and poor adherence (25%). Patients with psychiatric diagnoses, cognitive impairments, and poor adherence were more likely to be denied for transplant (P < .05). Patients with depression, PTSD, and anxiety did not have worse functional ability, but experienced more exhaustion than patients without these problems. Patients denied for medical but not purely psychosocial reasons had worse troponin and functional metrics compared with listed patients. CONCLUSION: Over 80% of patients with a psychosocial diagnosis were listed; however, poor adherence was a particularly important reason for denial for purely psychosocial reasons. Patients with psychosocial diagnoses generally were not more functionally limited than their counterparts without psychosocial diagnoses or those listed for transplant.

Sequential genetic testing of living-related donors for inherited renal disease to promote informed choice and enhance safety of living donation.

Living kidney donors (LKDs) with a family history of renal disease are at risk of kidney disease as compared to LKDs without such history suggesting that some LKDs may be pre-symptomatic for monogenic kidney disease. LKDs with related transplant candidates whose kidney disease was considered genetic in origin were selected for genetic testing. In each case, the transplant candidate was first tested to verify the genetic diagnosis. A genetic diagnosis was confirmed in 12 of 24 transplant candidates (ADPKD-PKD1: 6, ALPORT-COL4A3: 2, ALPORT-COL4A5: 1: nephronophthisis-SDCCAG8: 1; CAKUT-HNF1B and ADTKD-MUC1: 1 each) and 2 had variants of unknown significance (VUS) in phenotype-relevant genes. Focused genetic testing was then done in 20 of 34 LKDs. 12 LKDs screened negative for the familial variant and were permitted to donate; seven screened positive and were counseled against donation. One, the heterozygous carrier of a recessive disorder was also cleared. Six of seven LKDs with a family history of ADPKD were under 30 years and in 5, by excluding ADPKD, allowed donation to safely proceed. The inclusion of genetic testing clarified the diagnosis in recipient candidates, improving safety or informed decision-making in LKDs.

Frailty measures can be used to predict the outcome of kidney transplant evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Experience incorporating frailty and functional metrics in the transplant evaluation process is limited. We hypothesized that simple tests correlate with kidney transplant listing outcomes. METHODS: Frailty metrics, treadmill ability, pedometer data, troponin T, and brain natriuretic peptide were collected on 375 consecutive kidney transplant evaluations between July 2015 and December 2018. Patients initially denied were compared with those listed or deferred. Frailty metrics included handgrip, chair sit-stand, up-and-go, chair sit-reach, and questions related to exhaustion. RESULTS: A total of 95 (25%) patients were initially denied. Those denied were older, diabetic, or had higher body mass indexes. Frailty metrics including chair sit-stand, up-and-go, chair sit-reach, grip strength, and exhaustion; biochemical markers troponin and brain natriuretic peptide; and pedometer and treadmill ability were all significantly associated with denial (P < .001). The best order three model combining parsimony and predictiveness included treadmill ability, exhaustion, and troponin. The most predictive pedometer model also included exhaustion and up-and-go. The best order three model excluding biochemical markers, pedometer, and treadmill results included up-and-go, exhaustion, and chair sit-reach. CONCLUSION: Outcomes after on-site kidney transplant evaluation strongly correlated with the results of common clinical and functional frailty metrics.

Infiltrating Kaposi sarcoma presenting as acute kidney injury: An unexpected consequence of deliberate hepatitis C-positive organ transplantation.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) following kidney transplantation can result from recipient reactivation of latent human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection or activation of donor-acquired HHV-8 infection. Post-transplant KS typically manifests with cutaneous pathology, but rare cases of renal allograft involvement have been reported. We describe two cases of donor-derived HHV-8 infection in two hepatitis C (HCV) viremia-negative transplant recipients who each received a kidney from a donor with HCV viremia. One recipient did not develop KS while the other presented with acute kidney injury caused by extensive KS infiltration of the renal parenchyma and metastatic disease. This report reviews the literature for cases of KS involving the renal allograft and highlights an unexpected consequence of deliberate HCV-positive organ transplantation.

Patterns and predictors of fatigue following living donor nephrectomy: Findings from the KDOC Study.

This study sought to identify the prevalence, pattern, and predictors of clinical fatigue in 193 living kidney donors (LKDs) and 20 healthy controls (HCs) assessed at predonation and 1, 6, 12, and 24 months postdonation. Relative to HCs, LKDs had significantly higher fatigue severity (P = .01), interference (P = .03), frequency (P = .002), and intensity (P = .01), and lower vitality (P < .001), at 1-month postdonation. Using published criteria, significantly more LKDs experienced clinical fatigue at 1 month postdonation, compared to HCs, on both the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (60% vs. 37%, P < .001) and SF-36 Vitality scale (67% vs. 16%, P < .001). No differences in fatigue scores or clinical prevalence were observed at other time points. Nearly half (47%) reported persistent clinical fatigue from 1 to 6 months postdonation. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that LKDs presenting for evaluation with a history of affective disorder and low vitality, those with clinical mood disturbance and anxiety about future kidney failure after donation, and those with less physical activity engagement were at highest risk for persistent clinical fatigue 6 months postdonation. Findings confirm inclusion of fatigue risk in existing OPTN informed consent requirements, have important clinical implications in the care of LKDs, and underscore the need for further scientific examination in this population.

Nodular glomerulosclerosis in a kidney transplant recipient who smokes.

Cigarette smoking may have harmful effects on both native and transplant kidneys. Although a causal relationship was not shown, nodular glomerulosclerosis was reported in association with long-term cigarette smoking. We report a 48-year-old woman with a long-term history of smoking who underwent cadaveric renal transplantation. A renal biopsy to assess a progressive increase in serum creatinine levels 11 years posttransplantation showed features of nodular glomerulosclerosis. Other causes of nodular glomerulosclerosis were excluded. We speculate that long exposure to smoking may be the etiologic factor for nodular glomerulosclerosis in the kidney graft of our patient. Further confirmation of this risk relationship is important because cessation of smoking may help improve renal survival.

Older donor livers show early severe histological activity, fibrosis, and graft failure after liver transplantation for hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: In hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive liver transplant recipients, infection of the allograft and recurrent liver disease are important problems. Increased donor age has emerged as an important variable affecting patient and graft survival; however, specific age cutoffs and risk ratios for poor histologic outcomes and graft survival are not clear. METHODS: A longitudinal database of all HCV-positive patients transplanted at our center during an 11-year period was used to identify 111 patients who received 124 liver transplants. Graft survival and histological endpoints (severe activity and fibrosis) of HCV infection in the allografts were compared as a function of donor age at transplantation. RESULTS: By Kaplan-Meier analyses, older allografts showed earlier failure and decreased time to severe histological activity and fibrosis as compared with allografts from younger donors. By Cox proportional hazards analysis, older allografts were at greater risk for all severe histologic features and decreased graft survival as compared with younger allografts (P< or =0.02 for all outcomes). Analysis of donor age as a dichotomous variable showed that donors greater than 60 yr were at high risk for deleterious histologic outcomes and graft failure. An age cutoff of 60 yr showed a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 67% for worse graft survival by receiver operating characteristics curve. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced donor age is associated with more aggressive recurrent HCV and early allograft failure in HCV-positive liver transplant recipients. Consideration of donor age is important for decisions regarding patient selection, antiviral therapy, and organ allocation.

Positive serum cryoglobulin is associated with worse outcome after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients after liver transplantation is an important clinical problem. Because serum cryoglobulins (CG) are known to be associated with an increased incidence of cirrhosis in nontransplant patients, the authors tested the hypothesis that CG would also predict aggressive recurrent HCV in patients after liver transplantation. METHODS: Using a longitudinal database, the outcomes of 105 allografts transplanted into 97 HCV-positive patients from 1991 through 2002 were analyzed on the basis of CG status using a retrospective cohort design. Fifty-nine CG-negative and 38 CG-positive patients were identified. Histologic outcomes and graft survival were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox univariate and multivariate analyses. Both overall survival and HCV-specific survival (non-HVC-related deaths and graft losses censored) were analyzed. RESULTS: By Kaplan-Meier estimates, CG-positive patients showed earlier graft failure with decreased time to severe histologic activity and fibrosis as compared with CG-negative patients (P<0.05 for all outcomes). By univariate analysis, CG-positive patients had significantly higher risk ratios for shortened HCV-specific graft survival, severe activity-free survival, and severe fibrosis-free survival as compared with CG-negative patients (P<0.05 for all outcomes). In the multivariate model, CG was an independent predictor for severe activity-free, severe fibrosis-free, and HCV-specific graft survival (P<0.05 for all outcomes). CONCLUSIONS: CG-positivity is associated with severe recurrent HCV disease in liver transplant recipients.

[Cadaveric kidney transplant using horseshoe kidney: report of two cases]. / El trasplante cadavérico de riñón en herradura. Reporte de dos casos.

The number of patients awaiting a renal transplant is increasing. The shortage of organs demands the exploration of alternative organ sources such as kidneys with congenital anatomical anomalies. The horseshoe kidney is the most common renal anatomical anomaly and is able to be transplanted en bloc or split after procurement with good results. The decision whether to divide a horseshoe kidney depends on several factors. The most important feature is the number and position of the renal vessels. The second is the collector system anatomy. In this study we present two technically successful cases of renal transplantation using horseshoe kidneys en bloc with good results. Both cases have normal renal function. Horseshoe kidney transplantation offers good results and therefore should be considered as an option for cadaver kidney transplantation.

Diagnostic value of gadolinium-enhanced 3D magnetic resonance angiography in patients with suspected hepatic arterial complications after liver transplantation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy and clinical role of gadolinium-enhanced 3D magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in patients with suspected hepatic arterial complications after liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive MRA studies were performed in 33 liver transplant recipients after transplantation. MRA image quality was assessed subjectively. Thirty-two MRA studies were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with surgery (n = 2), conventional angiography (n = 18), or clinical follow-up (n = 12). MRA findings were also correlated with those of Doppler sonography in 30 of the cases. In 20 cases, concordance between MRA and surgery or conventional angiography was evaluated for each grade of hepatic artery stenosis (normal, mild [<50%], moderate [50-75%], severe [>75%], or occluded). RESULTS: MRA image quality was degraded 13 of 36 cases (36.1%) studies. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRA by consensus reading for more than 50% of hepatic artery stenosis or occlusion were 67%, 90%, and 81.3%, respectively. Of the 19 cases in which Doppler sonography was abnormal, MRA correctly characterized hepatic artery stenosis in 16 (84.2%). MRA also correctly identified all 5 occurrences of celiac artery stenosis. However, MRA overestimated the severity of hepatic arterial stenosis in 3 (15%) of 20 cases and underestimated 5 (25%) of 20 cases. CONCLUSION: MRA complements Doppler ultrasound to exclude significant hepatic artery stenosis. However, a substantial number of MRA studies were technically inadequate, and MRA demonstrated limited efficacy for correctly grading the severity of hepatic artery stenosis.

Intravascular gas in the transplanted kidney: a sign of extensive graft necrosis.

We encountered a case of transplanted kidney necrosis, with computed tomography (CT) demonstrating multiple areas of intravascular gas within the allograft. The intravascular gas represented air emboli from gas liberated from fermentation by gas-forming organisms in a perinephric abscess. Arterial bleeding accelerated by the wound infection and the resultant large perinephric hematoma caused renal infarction. Gas-forming infection of transplanted organs is associated with a poor graft outcome, which can present as a fulminant clinical course. Intravascular gas should be distinguished from collecting system gas because the former could represent extensive necrosis of the transplanted kidney.

New national liver transplant allocation policy: is the regional review board process fair?

Experienced transplant professionals may predict mortality better, in highly selected cirrhotic patients referred for accelerated listing to regional review boards, than the (Pediatric) Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. However, these requests are often denied. We wished to establish if (1) such denials increase mortality and (2) referring physicians predict mortality better than the score. We analyzed 1,965 non-status 1 requests made between February and November 2002 from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) national scientific registry. Kaplan-Meier survival and time to transplant were compared between denied and approved patients. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to establish if referring physicians predicted mortality better than the score. More requests were denied for patients with nonsanctioned conditions (45.7%) than for those with sanctioned conditions (13.3%); P less than.0001). Fewer patients denied accelerated listing had a transplant (46.6% vs. 63.8%; P <.0001); time to transplant was similar (P =.2). However, nonsanctioned cirrhotic cases denied accelerated listing had lower mortality than approved cases (P <.04). Referring physicians predict mortality poorly (P =.23), whereas the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)-Pediatric Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) score was highly predictive (P =.0003). In conclusion, regional review boards are fair and can accurately distinguish high- from low-risk patients. Denying requests does not increase mortality. The MELD-PELD score remains the best predictor of mortality, but the review board process adds additional information. Referring physicians predict patient mortality poorly.

Successful non-heart-beating donor organ retrieval in a patient with a left ventricular assist device.

Non-heart-beating donors (NHBD) represent an option to expand the organ supply with good results. We report a donor patient with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) due to dilated cardiomyopathy in which controlled NHBD was performed. Due to the LVAD, a modified procurement technique was utilized. The liver and kidneys were procured and successfully transplanted. Patients and grafts are alive and well. Successful organ retrieval can be achieved on selected cases of NHBD with LVADs in which modifications of the procurement technique are implemented without jeopardizing the procurement and not increasing preservation injury.

Vasopressor agents without volume expansion as a safe alternative to venovenous bypass during cavaplasty liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Cavaplasty orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) offers advantages for hepatectomy and implantation and eliminates the risk of outflow obstruction. However, it does require clamping of the cava. This study describes the use of a vasopressor without fluid expansion or venovenous bypass (VB) for hemodynamic control during the anhepatic phase. METHODS: The cavaplasty OLT technique was used routinely. A vasopressor was administered if the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was less than 60 mm Hg after clamping of the cava. If the MAP did not reach 60 mm Hg after adjusting the dosage of the vasopressor, femoro-axillary VB would be used. VB was also indicated for preexisting cardiac disease or for massive hemorrhage from severe portal hypertension and extensive adhesions. RESULTS: Among all the 121 adult cavaplasty OLTs, 33 were supported with VB and 50 received a vasopressor. The remaining 38 were excluded. However, baseline variables were well matched, except that preexisting cardiac disease was more frequent in the VB group. The median dosage of epinephrine was 0.07 microg/kg/min (range 0.01-0.6). The VB and vasopressor groups were similar in the reduction in mean MAP and the accumulation in arterial lactate upon clamping as well as in the central venous pressure upon unclamping. Postreperfusion hypotension was more frequent in the VB than in the vasopressor group (27.3% vs. 4.0%, P=0.006). There was no primary graft nonfunction or intraoperative right heart failure. One patient in the vasopressor group required postoperative temporary dialysis. Ninety-day patient and graft survival for the VB and vasopressor groups were 97.0% vs. 98.0% and 97.0% vs. 94.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Modest doses of vasopressor without volume expansion or VB can maintain hemodynamic stability during the anhepatic phase of cavaplasty OLT.