ABSTRACT
Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in equines is essential for distinguishing the disease from other sources of encephalitis. Diagnosis by conventional techniques such as a direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) or viral isolation in mice or cell culture can be difficult, and the application of molecular biological methods may be necessary. We performed an indirect rapid immunohistochemistry test (iRIT) for the detection of the rabies virus (RABV) antigen in the central nervous system (CNS) of equines and compared the results with those of other diagnostic techniques. We reviewed result records from the Rabies Diagnosis Laboratory at Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brazil, of 174 samples of equine CNS from July 2014 to June 2016, which were investigated by dFAT, rabies tissue culture infection test (RTCIT), mouse inoculation test (MIT) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by genetic sequencing. These samples, 29 presented divergent results among techniques and were selected for the performed in the iRIT. The detected positivity rate was 4/29 (14%) by dFAT, 5/28 (18%) by RTCIT, 10/29 (35%) by MIT and 26/27 (96%) by RT-PCR. We analysed 29 samples through imprints of the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and brainstem in slides fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde. Eighteen samples were identified as positive (62%) by iRIT assay, representing a greater number of positive cases than that detected by dFAT, MIT and RTCIT but not by RT-PCR. Among the brain regions, the brainstem presented the highest positivity (78%), followed by the hippocampus (69%), cerebellum (67%) and cortex (67%). Our results provide evidence that iRIT can contribute to a rapid diagnosis of rabies in equines and that complementary tests should be used to improve diagnostic accuracy in this species.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rabies/veterinary , Animals , Central Nervous System/virology , Horse Diseases/virology , Horses , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Neurons/virology , Rabies/diagnosis , Rabies virus/immunologyABSTRACT
Mouse lines selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal acute inflammatory reaction (AIRmin) were used to characterize the immune response and the influence of genetic background during pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). Susceptible AIRmax mice demonstrated exacerbated cellular profiles during PIA, with intense infiltration of lymphocytes, as well as monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, producing higher levels of IL-1ß, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, total IgG3, and chemokines. Resistant AIRmin mice controlled cell activation more efficiently than the AIRmax during arthritis progression. The weight alterations of the spleen and thymus in the course of PIA were observed. Our data suggest that selected AIRmax cellular and genetic immune mechanisms contribute to cartilage damage and arthritis severity, evidencing many targets for therapeutic actions.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Experimental/immunology , Cytokines/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Terpenes/adverse effects , Acute Disease , Animals , Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced , Arthritis, Experimental/genetics , Arthritis, Experimental/pathology , Cytokines/genetics , Immunoglobulin G/genetics , Inflammation , Mice , Spleen/immunology , Spleen/pathology , Terpenes/pharmacology , Thymus Gland/immunology , Thymus Gland/pathologyABSTRACT
Mouse lines selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal acute inflammatory reaction (AIRmin) were used to characterize the immune response and the influence of genetic background during pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). Susceptible AIRmax mice demonstrated exacerbated cellular profiles during PIA, with intense infiltration of lymphocytes, as well as monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, producing higher levels of IL-1ß, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, total IgG3, and chemokines. Resistant AIRmin mice controlled cell activation more efficiently than the AIRmax during arthritis progression. The weight alterations of the spleen and thymus in the course of PIA were observed. Our data suggest that selected AIRmax cellular and genetic immune mechanisms contribute to cartilage damage and arthritis severity, evidencing many targets for therapeutic actions.
Subject(s)
Animals , Arthritis, Experimental , Acute-Phase Reaction , Mice, TransgenicABSTRACT
Mouse lines selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal acute inflammatory reaction (AIRmin) were used to characterize the immune response and the influence of genetic background during pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). Susceptible AIRmax mice demonstrated exacerbated cellular profiles during PIA, with intense infiltration of lymphocytes, as well as monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, producing higher levels of IL-1ß, IFN-?, TNF-a, IL-10, total IgG3, and chemokines. Resistant AIRmin mice controlled cell activation more efficiently than the AIRmax during arthritis progression. The weight alterations of the spleen and thymus in the course of PIA were observed. Our data suggest that selected AIRmax cellular and genetic immune mechanisms contribute to cartilage damage and arthritis severity, evidencing many targets for therapeutic actions.
ABSTRACT
Mouse lines selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal acute inflammatory reaction (AIRmin) were used to characterize the immune response and the influence of genetic background during pristane-induced arthritis (PIA). Susceptible AIRmax mice demonstrated exacerbated cellular profiles during PIA, with intense infiltration of lymphocytes, as well as monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, producing higher levels of IL-1ß, IFN-?, TNF-a, IL-10, total IgG3, and chemokines. Resistant AIRmin mice controlled cell activation more efficiently than the AIRmax during arthritis progression. The weight alterations of the spleen and thymus in the course of PIA were observed. Our data suggest that selected AIRmax cellular and genetic immune mechanisms contribute to cartilage damage and arthritis severity, evidencing many targets for therapeutic actions.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in AIRmax mice homozygous for Slc11a1 R and S alleles was used to characterize the influence of Slc11a1 gene polymorphism on immune responses during disease manifestation. Previous reports demonstrated that the presence of the Slc11a1 S allele increased the incidence and severity of PIA in AIRmax SS , suggesting that this gene could interact with inflammatory loci to modulate PIA. We investigated the effects of Slc11a1 alleles on the activation of phagocytes during PIA. TREATMENT: Mice were injected intraperitoneally with two doses of 0.5 mL of mineral oil pristane at 60-day intervals. Arthritis development was accompanied for 180 days. RESULTS: AIRmax SS mice showed differential peritoneal macrophage gene expression profiles during PIA, with higher expression and production of H2O2, NO, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and several chemokines. The presence of the Slc11a1 R allele, on the other hand, diminished the intensity of macrophage activation, restricting arthritis development. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrated the fine-tuning roles of Slc11a1 alleles modulating macrophage activation, and consequent PIA susceptibility, in those mouse lines.
