ABSTRACT
Tibial hemimelia is a rare lower-extremity pre-axial longitudinal deficiency characterized by complete or partial absence of the tibia. The reported incidence is 1 in 1 million live births. In this pictorial essay, we define tibial hemimelia and describe associated conditions and principles of preoperative imaging assessment for a child with tibial hemimelia. We also indicate the imaging findings that might influence the choice of treatment, describe the most widely used classification systems, and briefly discuss current treatment approaches.
Subject(s)
Ectromelia/diagnostic imaging , Radiography/methods , Tibia/abnormalities , Child , Child, Preschool , Ectromelia/embryology , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Prenatal Diagnosis/methods , Tibia/diagnostic imaging , Tibia/embryologySubject(s)
Pediatrics , Remote Consultation , Teleradiology , Child , Humans , Pediatrics/trends , Teleradiology/trendsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In evaluating the impact of surgical repair of pectus excavatum, the Haller index developed for preoperative decision-making purposes may be inadequate to quantify postoperative changes in shape of the chest. Individual patients may also have chest characteristics that impact the success of repair, many of which would be unlikely to be measured by the Haller index alone. We have developed a protocol that measures the cross-sectional chest area and the asymmetry index along with the Haller index to more completely quantify the nature of the deformity. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of this protocol in the interpretation of chest computed tomography images from multiple sites. The protocol was developed as part of a multicenter study of clinical outcomes after surgical repair of pectus excavatum. METHODS: Two radiologists independently selected 5 images from each of 32 computed tomography scans from multicenter study participants according to the protocol. A digitizer was used to measure the diameters and cross-sectional areas of the images selected; these results were used to calculate the Haller and asymmetry indices. The protocol was tested for intradigitizer and interradiologist reliability. Using the Haller and asymmetry indices, we also assessed agreement between radiologists classifying patients as abnormal. RESULTS: Agreement was uniformly high for all comparisons (all Lin's concordance coefficients >0.99 and all Cohen's kappa's >0.85, all agreement on classification of patients >95%) indicating almost perfect agreement. Disagreement on classification of patients using the Haller and asymmetry index was at the cut points for abnormality. CONCLUSION: The protocol was found to be a highly reliable method for deriving the cross-sectional area of the chest and the Haller and asymmetry indices and for classifying patients for surgical eligibility. Borderline cases should be examined carefully to determine the appropriateness of surgical intervention. Cross-sectional area can be measured reliably using this protocol and thus may be useful in quantifying the success of surgical intervention.
Subject(s)
Funnel Chest/diagnostic imaging , Funnel Chest/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Anatomy, Cross-Sectional , Body Weights and Measures , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Observer Variation , Reproducibility of Results , Severity of Illness Index , Thorax/anatomy & histology , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Bis-aryl ureas have been disclosed previously as a potent class of Raf kinase inhibitors. Modifications in the amide portion led to an improvement in aqueous solubility, an important characteristic for an oral drug. Based on this finding, we hypothesize that this portion of the molecule is directed towards the solvent in Raf-1.
