ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate implicit and explicit self-esteem and academic self-evaluation among children with ADHD as a function of parenting styles, namely, authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting. METHOD: Participants included 43 children with ADHD and 35 non-ADHD controls who filled out self-concept and perceived parenting style questionnaires. They also took an Implicit Association Test (IAT) that measured unacknowledged self-esteem. RESULTS: Lower self-esteem was found among children with ADHD than among controls, with stronger effect on the implicit level. Perceived authoritarian parenting was related to lower implicit self-esteem among children with ADHD. Higher self-esteem was found in the authoritative than in the permissive parenting groups in the non-ADHD control group but not among children with ADHD. CONCLUSION: The role of parental support versus authoritarian parenting in terms of implicit self-esteem points to the importance of promoting responsiveness strategies among parents in the treatment of children with ADHD.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Parenting , Self Concept , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Authoritarianism , Case-Control Studies , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Parents , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) applied to the posterior aspect of the legs, on postural sway during stance. Thirty healthy subjects were tested while standing on a force platform under four stimulation conditions: no TENS, bilateral TENS, and unilateral left and right TENS. Thirty-second long tests, employing detection threshold amplitudes, were performed in three blocks. In each block, the four conditions were applied both with and without vision in a random order. The results indicate that the application of TENS brought about a decrease in postural sway as expressed by average sway velocity, in addition to a decrease in the absolute values of maximal and minimal medio-lateral and anterior-posterior velocity. Thus, similar to sub-threshold random electrical noise, it appears that the application of low-amplitude TENS to the lower limbs decreases postural sway during stance. Considering the ease of TENS application and the high prevalence of postural disorders, the potential clinical significance of this observation is to be determined by further studies.