Changes in location and number of nurse consultations as the supply of general practitioners decreases in primary health care: six-year register-based follow-up cohort study in the city of Vantaa, Finland.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the location and the number of nurse consultations have changed in response to the continuously decreasing number of GP consultations in the fourth-largest city in Finland. It has been suggested that nurse consultations are replacing GP consultations. DESIGN: A retrospective register-based follow-up cohort study. SETTING: Public primary health care in the City of Vantaa, Finland. SUBJECTS: All documented face-to-face office-hour consultations with practical and registered nurses, and consultations with practical and registered nurse in the emergency department of Vantaa primary health care between 1 January 2009 and 31 December, 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in the number of consultations with practical and registered nurses between 2009 and 2014 in primary health care both during office-hours and in the emergency department. RESULTS: Over the follow-up period, the monthly median number of practical nurse consultations in the emergency department per 1000 inhabitants increased from 1.6 (interquartile range [IQR] 1.3-1.7) to 10.5 (10.3-12.2) (p < 0.001) and registered nurse consultations from a median of 3.6 (3.0-4.0) to 14.5 (13.0-16.6) (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant change in the median monthly number of office-hour consultations with practical or registered nurses. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that in primary health care, medical consultations have shifted from GPs to nurses with lower education levels, and from care during office-hours to emergency care.

The number of general practitioner (GP) consultations are decreasing. Tasks are being transferred from GPs to nurses to improve access to care.The number of office-hour consultations with nurses did not change, despite the decrease in GP consultations.In the emergency department, the number of nurse consultations increased significantly when GP consultations decreased.Medical consultations seem to have shifted to the emergency department and the nurses.

Symptomatic diagnoses in primary care: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Among primary health care patients, it is sometimes impossible to assign a definitive diagnosis for the patient's reported or observed symptoms. Therefore, symptomatic diagnoses are often used. AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine the proportion of symptomatic diagnoses among primary health care patients. We also explored which symptomatic diagnoses were most frequently recorded as well as their age and gender distribution. DESIGN & SETTING: This is a register-based study in the public primary health care of the city of Vantaa, Finland. METHOD: Diagnoses were entered according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The data consisted of every diagnosis entered into the electronic health record between January first 2016 and December 31st 2018. Both absolute numbers and relative proportions of various symptomatic diagnosis recordings (chapter 'R') were reported. RESULTS: Of all the recorded diagnoses (N=503,001), the proportion of R-diagnoses was 13.5% (N=67,905). Diagnoses of symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen (R10-19) (4.1% of all; n=18,550), the circulatory and respiratory systems (R00-09) (3.9%; n=17,426), general symptoms and signs (R50-69) (3.4%; n=15,165), and the skin and subcutaneous tissue (R20-23) (2.2%; n=9,812) were the most prevalent. Age was also a major factor determining how the symptomatic diagnoses were distributed between women and men. Overall, the symptomatic diagnoses were more common among women than men (14.1% and 12.4%, respectively). The major symptomatic diagnosis categories, including symptoms and signs involving the digestive system and abdomen, the skin and the subcutaneous tissue, and general symptoms and signs, were more predominant among women, while symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems were more common among men. CONCLUSION: A symptomatic diagnosis code was recorded in about one eighth of the GP appointments, although there were significant sex differences in the prevalence within and between diagnosis groups.

Who visits primary health care general practitioners and why? A register-based study in a Finnish city.

This is a register-based study that examines the distribution of diagnoses made by general practitioners (GPs) in the public primary health care of the city of Vantaa, Finland. Data were gathered from the electronic health record (EHR) system and consisted of every record entered into the EHR system between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2018. Both absolute numbers and relative proportions of the 10th edition of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) diagnosis recordings were reported and calculated. Among GP visits, the 88 most common diagnoses covered 75% of all diagnoses. The most common diagnoses were related to the musculoskeletal (3.8%, ICD code M54) and respiratory systems (6.0%, ICD-10 code J06). Primary health care GP services were mostly used by children (age <5 years) and older adults (>65 years). Health examinations - mostly children's and maternity clinics appointments/visits - covered 20% of the GP office visits. Women between the ages 15-79 years had relatively more GP visits compared to men. The 88 most commonly recorded diagnoses covered the majority of the GP visits. Health examinations for the healthy were an important part of GPs' work. In an urban Finnish city, GP services were predominantly used by children and older adults.

aMMP-8 Point-of-Care Test (POCT) Identifies Reliably Periodontitis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes as well as Monitors Treatment Response.

BACKGROUND: The link between diabetes and periodontitis is bi-directional: high glucose levels increase the risk of periodontitis and elevated oral fluid aMMP-8 as well as diabetic development while untreated periodontitis worsens glycaemic control. METHODS: Type-2 patients (N = 161) underwent an aMMP-8 Point-of-Care Test (POCT) at diabetes clinics. If the test was positive, the patient was sent to an oral health care clinic and oral health examination, health-promoting as well as necessary treatment procedures were carried out. Only 41 patients underwent full clinical evaluations. At the end of the treatment, an aMMP-8 POCT (B) was performed and if the test was positive, the treatment was continued and a new test (C) was performed, aiming for test negativity. The glycated haemoglobin (GHbA1c) test was performed approximately 6 months from the original appointment. RESULTS: GHbA1c concentrations did not decrease during the follow-up. The concentrations of aMMP-8 assessed by POCT, and clinical parameters decreased. Changes in GHbA1c and aMMP-8 levels assessed by POCT during the treatment correlated positively with each other (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: aMMP-8 POCT proved its reliability, and that its use is beneficial in the diabetes clinic, it enables identifying patients with periodontal findings reliably and guides them directly to an oral health clinic.

Comparison of two GP service provider models in older adults: a register-based follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: In Finland, there have been various strategies attempting to provide access to GPs. The 'restricted-List General Practitioner model' (rLGP) was launched in primary health care (PHC) in the city of Vantaa after the 'named General Practitioner model' (nGP) failed to provide sufficient access to GPs. This was done to improve access to GP appointments for those most needing care. AIM: To evaluate the impact of the transition from nGP to rLGP on access to non-urgent scheduled appointments among patients aged ≥75 years. DESIGN & SETTING: A register-based follow-up study in public PHC in Vantaa, Finland. METHOD: The study focused on patients aged ≥75 years who used PHC from 2004-2008. It looked at the number of non-urgent and urgent scheduled appointments, patient contacts, home visits, PHC emergency department appointments, and cancelled appointments, which were recorded 7 years before and after the transition from nGP to rLGP in 2011 and adjusted to patient-years. Non-urgent appointments were booked to the patient's own nGP or rLGP in public PHC, whereas urgent appointments could be to any GP. RESULTS: The number of non-urgent scheduled appointments to GPs was halved during the time of nGP, before launching the rLGP. Simultaneously, the number of urgent scheduled appointments more than tripled. The number of both started to plateau a year before the rLGP was launched. The number of both non-urgent and urgent scheduled appointments remained mainly at that level after rLGP was implemented. CONCLUSION: The rLGP model was unsuccessful in improving access to non-urgent scheduled appointments to GPs.

Comparing the effectiveness of competition as a method of reminding primary oral health care dentists to record diagnoses with two alternative methods used to enhance the recording of diagnoses in primary health care.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether competition is an effective method to remind primary oral health care dentists to record diagnoses (RRD). The effectiveness of competition was examined in comparison with financial group bonuses (FGBs) and electronic reminders (ERs) of the electronic health record, together with superior-subordinate or development discussions. Putative differences in the diagnosis recording cultures of Finnish public health care physicians and dentists were studied. This was a retrospective quasi-experimental observational study in which the effects of the interventions on the rate of recording diagnoses were identified using a general linear regression model and proportions of visits with recorded diagnoses. The rate of increase in the recording of diagnoses in dentists was 0.995 ± 0.273%/month (mean ± SEM) after the implementation of RRDs and this did not differ from that obtained after starting FGBs (0.919 ± 0.130%/month) or ERs with superior-subordinate or development discussions (1.562 ± 0.277%/month) in physicians. As the rates of increase did not differ none of the applied methods seemed to be more effective than the others when trying to influence the behaviour of primary health care clinicians. Altogether, public primary health care physicians were more active than respective primary oral health care dentists to record diagnoses.

Development of the use of primary health care emergency departments after interventions aimed at decreasing overcrowding: a longitudinal follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: This study, conducted in a Finnish city, examined whether decreasing emergency department (ED) services in an overcrowded primary care ED and corresponding direction to office-hours primary care would modify service usage for specific gender, age or diagnosis groups. METHODS: This was an observational retrospective study carried out by gradually decreasing ED services in primary care. The interventions aimed at decreasing use of EDs were a) application of ABCDE-triage combined with public guidance on the proper use of EDs, b) closure of a minor supplementary ED, and finally, c) application of "reverse triage" with enhanced direction of the public to office-hours services and away from the remaining ED The annual number of visits to office-hours primary care GPs in different gender, age and diagnosis groups (International Classification of Diseases (ICD - 10) were recorded during a 13-year follow-up period. RESULTS: The total number of monthly visits to EDs decreased slowly over the whole study period. This decrease was similar in women and men. The decrease was stronger in the youngest age groups (0-19 years). GPs treated decreasing proportions of ICD-10 groups. Recorded infectious diseases (Groups A and J, and especially diagnoses related to infections of respiratory airways) tended to decrease. However, visits due to injuries and symptomatic diagnoses increased. CONCLUSION: Decreasing services in a primary health care ED with the described interventions seemed to reduce the use of services by young people. The three interventions mentioned above had the effect of making the primary care ED under study appear to function more like a standard ED driven by specialized health care.

Development of office-hours use of primary health centers in the early years of the 21st century: a 13-year longitudinal follow-up study.

This study, conducted in a Finnish city, examined whether a long-lasting observed trend in Finnish primary health care, namely, a decreasing rate of office-hour visits to general practitioners (GPs), would lead to reduced services for specific gender, diagnosis or age groups. This was an observational retrospective follow-up study. The annual number of visits to office-hour primary care GPs in different gender, diagnosis and age groups was recorded during a 13-year follow-up period. The effect of the decreasing visit rate on the annual mortality rate in different age and gender groups was also studied. The total number of monthly visits to office-hour GPs decreased slowly over the whole study period. This decrease was stronger in women and older people. The proportion of recorded infectious diseases (Groups A and J and especially diagnoses related to infections of respiratory airways) decreased. Proportions of recorded chronic diseases increased (Group I, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and osteoarthrosis) during the follow-up. The annual rate of visits to office-hour GP/per GP decreased. There was a decrease in the mortality in two of the age groups (20-64, 65+ years) and no change in the youngest population (0-19 years). The decrease in the office-hours GP activity does not seem to increase mortality either.

Do electronic reminders alter recorded diagnoses in primary care office-hours practices of health centers: A register-based study in a Finnish city.

OBJECTIVES: One purpose of electronic reminders is improvement of the quality of documentation in office-hours primary care. The aim of this study was to evaluate how implementation of electronic reminders alters the rate and/or content of diagnostic data recorded by primary care physicians in office-hours practices in primary care health centers. METHODS: The present work is a register-based longitudinal follow-up study with a before-and-after design. An electronic reminder was installed in the electronic health record system of the primary health care of a Finnish city to remind physicians to include the diagnosis code of the visit in the health record. The report generator of the electronic health record system provided monthly figures for the number of various recorded diagnoses by using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, and the total number of visits to primary care physicians, thus allowing the calculation of the recording rate of diagnoses on a monthly basis. The distribution of diagnoses before and after implementing ERs was also compared. RESULTS: After the introduction of the electronic reminder, the rate of diagnosis recording by primary care physicians increased clearly from 39.7% to 87.2% (p < 0.001). The intervention enhanced the recording rate of symptomatic diagnoses (group R) and some chronic diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes and other soft tissue disorders. Recording rate of diagnoses related to diseases of the respiratory system (group J), injuries, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (group S), and diseases of single body region of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (group M) decreased after the implementation of electronic reminders. CONCLUSION: Electronic reminders may alter the contents and extent of recorded diagnosis data in office-hours practices of the primary care health centers. They were found to have an influence on the recording rates of diagnoses related to chronic diseases. Electronic reminders may be a useful tool in primary health care when attempting to change the behavior of primary care physicians.

Differences between recorded diagnoses of patients of an emergency department and office-hours primary care doctors: a register-based study in a Finnish town.

To determine the extent to which it is possible to provide continuity of primary care for those who visit Emergency Departments (EDs) we studied how recorded diagnoses in primary care differ, depending on whether the patient is met in an ED or a primary care office-hours practice. In the present, 12-year follow-up study a report generator of the Electronic Health Record-system provided monthly figures for the number of different recorded diagnoses using the International Classification of Diagnoses (10thedition, ICD-10) and the total number of ED doctors and office-hour visits to General Practitioners (GPs). The 20 most common diagnoses covered 48.1% of the visits with recorded diagnoses to the office hour GPs and 45.9% of the visits to the doctors of the ED. Of these 20 diagnoses, 10 were common in both systems. These 10 diagnoses constituted about 30% of the diagnoses given by ED doctors. Furthermore, five out of the six most common diagnoses were the same in the ED and office-hours practices. The doctors in EDs and office-hour GPs treat quite similar patient material. This may provide organisational ways to reorganise the work of primary care and to guarantee continuity of care for those who may benefit from it.

The influence of electronic reminders on recording diagnoses in a primary health care emergency department: a register-based study in a Finnish town.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether implementation of electronic reminders is associated with a change in the amount and content of diagnostic data recorded in primary health care emergency departments (ED). DESIGN: A register-based 12-year follow-up study with a before-and-after design. SETTING: This study was performed in a primary health care ED in Finland. An electronic reminder was installed in the health record system to remind physicians to include the diagnosis code of the visit to the health record. SUBJECTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The report generator of the electronic health record-system provided monthly figures for the number of different recorded diagnoses by using the International Classification of Diagnoses (ICD-10th edition) and the total number of ED physician visits, thus allowing the calculation of the recording rate of diagnoses on a monthly basis and the comparison of diagnoses before and after implementing electronic reminders. RESULTS: The most commonly recorded diagnoses in the ED were acute upper respiratory infections of various and unspecified sites (5.8%), abdominal and pelvic pain (4.8%), suppurative and unspecified otitis media (4.5%) and dorsalgia (4.0%). The diagnosis recording rate in the ED doubled from 41.2 to 86.3% (p < 0.001) after the application of electronic reminders. The intervention especially enhanced the recording rate of symptomatic diagnoses (ICD-10 group-R) and alcohol abuse-related diagnoses (ICD-10 code F10). Mental and behavioural disorders (group F) and injuries (groups S-Y) were also better recorded after this intervention. CONCLUSION: Electronic reminders may alter the documentation habits of physicians and recording of clinical data, such as diagnoses, in the EDs. This may be of use when planning resource managing in EDs and planning their actions.KEY POINTSElectronic reminders enhance recording of diagnoses in primary care but what happens in emergency departments (EDs) is not known.Electronic reminders enhance recording of diagnoses in primary care ED.Especially recording of symptomatic diagnoses and alcohol abuse-related diagnoses increased.

A longitudinal follow-up study of a type 2 diabetes "lost to follow-up" cohort - positive effect on glycaemic control after changes in medication.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who had stopped attending their diabetes treatment system (referred to as "lost to follow-up", LTF) but who succeeded in improving their glycaemic control after returning to the diabetes treatment system had changes in their diabetes medication when compared with similar patients who did not show improvement. "LTFs" who had baseline haemoglobin A1 c (HbA1 c) ≥53 mmol/mol and succeeded in reducing HbA1 c ≥ 6 mmol/mol during a 12-30 month follow-up period after adhering again to their diabetes treatment system were compared with "LTFs" who had an unsatisfactory change in HbA1 c or with "LTFs" who maintained good glycaemic control throughout the 12-30 month follow-up period. Unsatisfactory change in HbA1 c was determined as HbA1 c ≥ 53 mmol/mol and change <6 mmol/mol after the 12-30 month follow-up period in their diabetes treatment system or HbA1 c < 53 mmol/mol when returning to the diabetes treatment system but ≥53 mmol/mol at the end of the 12-30 month follow-up period. "LTFs" with improvement in glycaemic control used a higher number of different anti-hyperglycaemic agents (P < 0.001) and their dosages of metformin increased (P < 0.05) when compared with "LTFs" without improvement or "LTFs" with satisfactory glycaemic control. Cholesterol-, LDL-cholesterol- and triglyceride-concentrations decreased during the 12-30 month follow-up period (P < 0.05) in "LTFs" with improved glycaemic control, but not in the other groups. "LTFs" with T2D who had poor glycaemic control seemed to require an increase in their anti-diabetic medication when attempting to improve their glycaemic control.

The effect of electronic reminders on the recording of diagnoses in primary care: A quasi-experimental before and after study.

Objectives: This study examined whether using electronic reminders leads to an increase in the rate of diagnosis recordings in the electronic health record system following visits to a general practitioner. The impact of electronic reminders was studied in the primary health care of a Finnish city. Methods: This observational quasi-experimental study based on a before-and-after design was carried out by installing an electronic reminder to improve the recording of diagnoses in the computerized electronic health record system. The quantity of the recorded diagnoses was observed before and after the intervention. The effect of this intervention on the distribution of different diagnoses was also studied. Results: Before intervention, 33%-46% of visits (to general practitioners/month) had recorded diagnose in the primary health care units. After 4 years, the recording rate had risen to 87%-95% (p < 0.001). The rate of change in the recording of diagnoses was highest during the first year of intervention and plateaued about 3.5 years after application reminders. In the present study, most of the visits concerned mild respiratory infections, elevated blood pressure, low back pain and type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: An electronic reminder is likely to improve the recording of diagnoses during the visits to general practitioners. The distribution of diagnoses was in line with former reports concerning diagnoses in Finnish primary care.

Recording of diagnoses in public primary oral health care in a retrospective longitudinal observational study in a Finnish town: Underrepresentation of periodontitis diagnoses.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates which oral diagnoses public primary dental care dentists record. METHODS: An observational register-based retrospective follow-up study was performed in the public primary oral health care of a Finnish town after the dentists were advised to mark the diagnoses in their practices. The rate of recorded diagnoses resulting from visits to the public primary care dentists was studied. The assessed diagnoses were recorded with the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The distribution of diagnoses was recorded during a 2-year follow-up period. RESULTS: The most frequent diagnosis groups were dental caries (K02, 38.6%), other diseases of dental hard tissues (K03, 14.9%), diseases of pulp and periapical tissues (K04, 11.4%), periodontal diseases (K05, 9.7%), and different types of bone fractures (S02, 8.1%). Periodontitis was underrepresented. CONCLUSIONS: In public primary oral health care, there may be difficulties in adequate recording of certain chronic diseases.

Variations in older people's use of general practitioner consultations and the relationship with mortality rate in Vantaa, Finland in 2003-2014.

Objective: It is generally expected that the growth of the older population will lead to an increase in the use of health care services. The aim was to examine the changes in the number of visits made to general practitioners (GP) by the older age groups, and whether such changes were associated with changes in mortality rates.Design and setting: A register-based observational study in a Finnish city where a significant increase in the older population took place from 2003 to 2014. The number of GP visits made by the older population was calculated, the visits per person per year in two-year series, together with respective mortality rates.Subjects: The study population consisted of inhabitants aged 65 years and older (65+) in Vantaa that visited a GP in primary health care.Main outcome measures: The number of GP visits per person per year in the whole older population during the study years.Results: In 2009-2010, there was a sudden drop in GP visits per person in the younger (65-74 years) age groups examined. In the population aged 85+, use of GP visits remained at a fairly constant level. The mortality rate decreased until the year 2008. After that, the positive trend ended and the mortality rate plateaued.Conclusions: Simultaneously with the decline in GP visits per person in the older population, the mortality rate leveled off from its positive trend in 2009-2010. Factors identified being associated with the number of GP consultations were organizational changes in primary health care, economic recession causing retrenchment, and even vaccinations during the swine flu epidemic.Key pointsAlong with an increasingly ageing population, concern over the supply of publicly funded health care has become more pronounced.The amount of GP visits of 65+ decreased in primary health care, especially in the youngest groups.However, in the oldest age groups (85+), the use of GPs remained unchanged regardless of changes in service supply.As the rate of GP visits among the population of 65+ declined, the positive trend in the mortality rate ceased.

A Primary Care Emergency Service Reduction Did Not Increase Office-Hour Service Use: A Longitudinal Follow-up Study.

This study, conducted in a Finnish city, examined whether decreasing emergency department (ED) services in an overcrowded primary care ED and corresponding direction to office-hour primary care would guide patients to office-hour visits to general practitioners (GP). This was an observational retrospective study based on a before-and-after design carried out by gradually decreasing ED services in primary care. The interventions were (a) application of ABCDE-triage combined with public guidance on the proper use of EDs, (b) cessation of a minor supplementary ED, and finally (c) application of "reverse triage" with enhanced direction of the public to office-hour services from the remaining ED. The numbers of visits to office-hour primary care GPs in a month were recorded before applying the interventions fully (preintervention period) and in the postintervention period. The putative effect of the interventions on the development rate of mortality in different age groups was also studied as a measure of safety. The total number of monthly visits to office-hour GPs decreased slowly over the whole study period without difference in this rate between pre- and postintervention periods. The numbers of office-hour GP visits per 1000 inhabitants decreased similarly. The rate of monthly visits to office-hour GP/per GP did not change in the preintervention period but decreased in the postintervention period. There was no increase in the mortality in any of the studied age groups (0-19, 20-64, 65+ years) after application of the ED interventions. There is no guarantee that decreasing activity in a primary care ED and consecutive enhanced redirecting of patients to the office-hour primary care systems would shift patients to office-hour GPs. On the other hand, this decrease in the ED activity does not seem to increase mortality either.

Relationship between number of contacts between previous dropouts with type 2 diabetes and health care professionals on glycaemic control: A cohort study in public primary health care.

AIM: Previous study findings have shown that more frequent contacts with the diabetes care team predict better diabetes control. It is unknown whether this is true also for previous dropouts with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of this study was to evaluate if those previous dropouts with T2D who succeeded to improve their glycaemic control had more frequent contacts with health care professionals in the public primary diabetes health care system than those dropouts who did not show improvement. METHODS: In this "real life" retrospective cohort study, we identified 115 dropouts with T2D who were contacted by trained diabetes nurses and who returned to a public T2D-care system. Those previous dropouts who had baseline haemoglobin A1c ≥53mmol/mol (7%) and had a reduction in HbA1c≥6mmol/mol (0.5%) during the follow-up were compared with those with unsatisfactory change in HbA1c (baseline HbA1c≥53mmol/mol and change <6mmol/mol, or HbA1c<53mmol/mol at the baseline measurement but above that in the end of the study period) or with those who remained at good glycaemic control over the study period. Trained diabetes nurses collected quantitative data from the patient records about visits and contacts during the follow-up. RESULTS: Previous dropouts showing improvement had more visits to the diabetes nurse (p=0.003) and other nurses (p<0.001) than those with no improvement or those with satisfactory glycaemic control. Telephone calls not focusing on diabetes (p<0.001) were also more frequent among previous dropouts with improvement than among the others. CONCLUSIONS: Especially previous dropouts with T2D who had poor glycaemic control, may benefit from more frequent contacts including visits and telephone calls. Recalling dropouts does not seem to lead to overuse of the T2D care-system by those recalled patients whose glycaemic control does not require special care.

Painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and comorbidities in primary care: associations with pain-related disability.

Objective: We studied whether primary care temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients reporting different levels of pain-related disability differ in terms of comorbid pains, general health conditions and quality of life.Material and methods: Consecutive TMD pain patients (n = 399) seeking treatment in primary care completed a questionnaire on comorbid pains and their interference and the Finnish version of the RAND-36-item quality of life questionnaire. Medical diagnoses confirmed by doctors were recorded. The patients were classified according to the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). The patients were classified: no disability group (0 disability points), low disability group (1-2 disability points) and high disability group (3-6 disability points).Results: Compared to patients in the no-disability group, patients in the high- and low-disability groups reported more comorbid pain conditions (p < .001), and experienced these as more intense and interfering more with daily life (p < .05). Patients in the high-disability group reported more general health-related medical diagnoses than patients in the no-disability group (p < .05). Furthermore, patients with low or high pain-related disability indicated poorer quality of life in all RAND-36 subscales than those with no disability (p < .05).Conclusions: The findings suggest that GCPS-related disability scoring can be used as a simple screening instrument to identify TMD patients with different degrees of health burdens.

Mutations of mitochondrial DNA are not major contributors to aging of fruit flies.

Mammals develop age-associated clonal expansion of somatic mtDNA mutations resulting in severe respiratory chain deficiency in a subset of cells in a variety of tissues. Both mathematical modeling based on descriptive data from humans and experimental data from mtDNA mutator mice suggest that the somatic mutations are formed early in life and then undergo mitotic segregation during adult life to reach very high levels in certain cells. To address whether mtDNA mutations have a universal effect on aging metazoans, we investigated their role in physiology and aging of fruit flies. To this end, we utilized genetically engineered flies expressing mutant versions of the catalytic subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase (DmPOLγA) as a means to introduce mtDNA mutations. We report here that lifespan and health in fruit flies are remarkably tolerant to mtDNA mutations. Our results show that the short lifespan and wide genetic bottleneck of fruit flies are limiting the extent of clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations both in individuals and between generations. However, an increase of mtDNA mutations to very high levels caused sensitivity to mechanical and starvation stress, intestinal stem cell dysfunction, and reduced lifespan under standard conditions. In addition, the effects of dietary restriction, widely considered beneficial for organismal health, were attenuated in flies with very high levels of mtDNA mutations.

Pain assessment in native and non-native language: difficulties in reporting the affective dimensions of pain.

Background and aims The language in assessing intensity or quality of pain has been studied but the results have been inconsistent. The physicians' language skills might affect the estimation of the severity of pain possibly leading to insufficient use of analgesics. Several interfering cultural factors have complicated studies aimed at exploring the language used to detect the quality of pain. We aimed to compare native and non-native language related qualitative aspects of pain chosen by Swedish speaking patients with diabetes. Methods In the study participated 10 Finnish and 51 Swedish speaking patients with diabetes. The Pain Detect-questionnaire was used for clarifying the patients' pain and the mechanism of their pain (neuropathic or not) and for assessing the intensity and quality of pain. In addition, the patients completed the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (sfMPQ) in Finnish (test I). After 30 min the subjects completed the sfMPQ a second time in their native language (test II). The Swedish speakers estimated their second language, Finnish, proficiency on a 5-graded scale. Results There were significantly more discrepancies between sfMPQ test I and test II among the Swedish speaking respondents who reported poor (hardly none) Finnish language proficiency compared with those with good Finnish proficiency. Discrepancies occurred especially between the affective qualities of pain. Conclusions Poor second language proficiency exposes Swedish speakers to pain communication difficulties related to the affective aspects of pain. Consequently, discordant language communication could cause underestimation of the severity of pain and pain undertreatment. Implications To ensure adequate pain treatment measuring the affective dimension of pain in the patient's native language is crucial.