Development and characterization of physical stability, glycemic index, flow behaviors, and antioxidant activity of finger millet-based beverage.

Millets are gaining attention as a superfood due to their higher nutritional value and cost-effectiveness. In this regard, extraction condition for the development of finger millet-based beverage was optimized using a central composite design. Soaking time (X1) and temperature (X2) in the range of 5-10 h and 40-60°C, respectively, were the independent variables taken for three responses, namely, yield, total solids, and sedimentation index. The optimized conditions are best fitted in quadratic model (R2 0.91) for all the dependent variables. Accordingly, the optimized levels selected for soaking time and temperature were 10 h and 60°C respectively, resulting in the yield (Y1) of 91.86% ± 0.94%, total solids (Y2) of 17.72% ± 0.56%, and sedimentation index (Y3) of 12.18% ± 0.06%. Further, xanthan gum (0.5%) and jaggery powder (5%) were added in the optimized beverage to improve its physicochemical and functional properties. Xanthan gum improved the physical stability and rheological properties of the beverage, whereas jaggery improved the flavor and phenolic content of the same. The optimized beverage had a good amount of phenolic content (53.70 µg GAE/mL), antioxidant activity (DPPH 13.76 µmol/mL), zeta potential (-19.8 mV), and glycemic index (57). The flow curve of beverages was obtained using power law model, and result indicated good consistency index (k = 0.7716 Pa s) with flow behavior (n = 0.3411) depicted its pseudoplastic nature. The optimized extraction condition significantly reduced the antinutrients, tannin, and phytic content by 47% and 14%, respectively, in optimized beverage than control.

Enhancement of the bioavailability of phenolic compounds from fruit and vegetable waste by liposomal nanocarriers.

Fruits and vegetables are one of the most consumed and processed commodities globally and comprise abundant phenolic compounds, one of the main nutraceuticals in the food industry. Comparably elevated rates of these compounds are found in waste (peel, seeds, leaf, stem, etc.) in the food processing industry. They are being investigated for their potential use in functional foods. However, phenolic compounds' low bioavailability limits their application, which can be approached by loading the phenolic compounds into an encapsulation system such as liposomal carriers. This review aims to elucidate the recent trend in extracting phenolic compounds from the waste stream and the means to load them in stable liposomes. Furthermore, the application of these liposomes with only natural extracts in food matrices is also presented. Many studies have indicated that liposomes can be a proper candidate for encapsulating and delivering phenolic compounds and as a means to increase their bioavailability.

Evaluation of structural, chemical and digestibility properties of multigrain pasta.

ABSTRACT: Millet flours due to their high dietary fibre and therapeutic health benefits offer immense potential to enhance the nutritional quality of conventional durum wheat pasta. In the present study, physiochemical and functional properties of durum wheat semolina (DWS), sorghum flour (SF), finger millet flour (FMF) and multigrain flour (MF) prepared with a blend of DWS (51.60%), SF (31.96%) and FMF (13.04%), were examined for their pasta making potential. Developed multigrain pasta was characterized on the basis of antioxidant, anti-nutritional, in vitro protein and starch digestibility and microstructural properties. The rheological properties (water absorption, development time and departure time), pasting profile (peak and breakdown viscosity) and transition temperature (onset; T o , mid; T p and conclusion; T c ) of MF was higher (P ≤ 0.05) when compared with DWS. Significant improvement in total dietary fibre, antioxidant activity with reduced glycemic index was observed for uncooked multigrain pasta over the control sample (DWS). Multigrain uncooked pasta revealed limitation of higher anti-nutritional factors, reduced protein digestibility and structural strength as compared with control. The cooking of pasta increased protein and starch digestibility of the control and multigrain pasta as an effect of decreased anti-nutritional factors. Results suggest that both SF and FMF can become useful for manufacturing of pasta with improved nutritional value, antioxidant levels and reduced glycemic index.

Microbial inactivation by high pressure processing: principle, mechanism and factors responsible.

High-pressure processing (HPP) is a novel technology for the production of minimally processed food products with better retention of the natural aroma, fresh-like taste, additive-free, stable, convenient to use. In this regard safety of products by microbial inactivation is likely to become an important focus for food technologists from the research and industrial field. High pressure induces conformational changes in the cell membranes, cell morphology. It perturbs biochemical reactions, as well as the genetic mechanism of the microorganisms, thus ensures the reduction in the microbial count. Keeping in view the commercial demand of HPP products, the scientific literature available on the mechanism of inactivation by high pressure and intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the efficiency of HPP are systematically and critically analyzed in this review to develop a clear understanding of these issues. Modeling applied to study the microbial inactivation kinetics by HPP is also discussed for the benefit of interested readers.

Fusion of Neuro-Signals and Dynamic Signatures for Person Authentication.

Many biometric systems based on physiological traits such as ones facial characteristics, iris, and fingerprint have been developed for authentication purposes. Such security systems, however, commonly suffer from impersonation attacks such as obfuscation, abrasion, latent samples, and covert attack. More conventional behavioral methods, such as passwords and signatures, suffer from similar issues and can easily be spoofed. With growing levels of private data readily available across the internet, a more robust authentication system is needed for use in emerging technologies and mobile applications. In this paper, we present a novel multimodal biometric user authentication framework by combining the behavioral dynamic signature with the the physiological electroencephalograph (EEG) to restrict unauthorized access. EEG signals of 33 genuine users were collected while signing on their mobile phones. The recorded sequences were modeled using a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network (BLSTM-NN) based sequential classifier to accomplish person identification and verification. An accuracy of 98.78% was obtained for identification using decision fusion of dynamic signatures and EEG signals. The robustness of the framework was also tested against 1650 impersonation attempts made by 25 forged users by imitating the dynamic signatures of genuine users. Verification performance was measured using detection error tradeoff (DET) curves and half total error rate (HTER) security matrices using true positive rate (TPR) and false acceptance rate (FAR), resulting in 3.75% FAR and 1.87% HTER with 100% TPR for forgery attempts.

Emergence and era of ultrasonic's in fruit juice preservation: A review.

Ultrasonic's has emerged to an unconditional extent in the last decade. It has found its application in fruit juice and beverage industry due to its multifunctional desired effects. The technology is inexpensive, simple, reliable, and environmentally friendly and highly effective in the preservation of juices with enhanced quality attributes. This review will enlighten your knowledge in understanding the basic concept of ultrasonic's with the principle, mechanism, and application in the food sector. It specifically reviews the explored effect of ultrasonication on different juices. It explores the influence of technology in enzyme inactivation, microbial inactivation and different quality attributes of fruit juices. It gives you an in-depth insight into the technology.

Modeling the Combined Effect of Pressure and Mild Heat on the Inactivation Kinetics of Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, and Staphylococcus aureus in Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon).

The high-pressure inactivation of Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, and Staphylococcus aureus was studied in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The processing parameters examined included pressure (300 to 600 MPa) and temperature (30 to 50°C). In addition, the pressure-hold period (0 to 15 min) was investigated, thus allowing both single-pulse pressure effects (i.e., zero holding time) and pressure-hold effects to be explored. E. coli was found to be the most sensitive strain to single-pulse pressure, followed by L. innocua and lastly S. aureus. Higher pressures and temperatures resulted in higher destruction rates, and the value of the shape parameter (ß') accounted for the downward concavity (ß' > 1) of the survival curves. A simplified Weibull model described the non-linearity of the survival curves for the changes in the pressure-hold period well, and it was comparable to the original Weibull model. The regression coefficients (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), accuracy factor (Af ), bias factor (Bf ), and residual plots suggested that using linear models to represent the data was not as appropriate as using non-linear models. However, linear models produced good fits for some pressure-temperature combinations. Analogous to their use in thermal death kinetics, activation volume (Va ) and activation energy (Ea ) can be used to describe the pressure and temperature dependencies of the scale parameter (δ, min), respectively. The Va and Ea values showed that high pressure and temperaturefavored the inactivation process, and S. aureus was the most baro-resistant pathogen.

Process optimization for high-pressure processing of black tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon) using response surface methodology.

This study aims to investigate the effect of high-pressure processing on the quality of black tiger shrimp using response surface methodology. A central composite rotatable design was applied to evaluate the effects of three processing parameters, namely pressure (300-600 MPa), temperature (30-50 ℃), and time (0-15 min), on the inactivation rate of Staphylococcus aureus and physical properties (color and texture) of shrimp and to optimize the process conditions to achieve maximum bacterial inactivation with minimal changes in quality attributes. The results revealed that the processing conditions significantly affected the studied responses and the experimental data have been adequately fitted into a second-order polynomial model with multiple regression coefficients (R2) of 0.92, 0.92, and 0.94 for the inactivation rate of S. aureus, hardness, and color changes, respectively. The optimized conditions targeting minimum six log cycle reductions of S. aureus with moderate changes in quality attributes were obtained as: pressure, 361 MPa; time, 12 min and temperature, 46 ℃. The adequacy of the model equation for predicting the optimum response values was verified effectively by the validation data.

Application of high pressure processing for shelf life extension of litchi fruits (Litchi chinensis cv. Bombai) during refrigerated storage.

This study attempts to report the effect of high pressure processing (100, 200 and 300 MPa for 5, 10 and 15 min at 27 ± 2 ℃) on quality and shelf life extension of 'Bombai' variety peeled litchi fruits during refrigerated storage (5 ℃). High pressure processing significantly increased total colour difference, browning index, drip loss and total soluble solids, whereas pH decreased after processing. Also, ascorbic acid content significantly decreased after high pressure processing and retention of 83.5% was observed. Texture profile analysis showed that pressurization significantly affected firmness and increased cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness and chewiness of litchi fruits. Pressure-induced firming effect was observed at 100 and 200 MPa pressure. A maximum of 3.29, 3.24 and 3.77 log10 cycles reduction in aerobic mesophiles, yeast & mold and psychrotrophs count, respectively, was achieved after pressurization of 300 MPa for 10 and 15 min treatments. During storage, samples treated at 300 MPa for 10 and 15 min showed relatively minimal changes in physico-chemical attributes, textural parameters and maintained lower viable microbial counts. Treatments at 300 MPa for 10 min and 15 min were found to enhance the shelf life of litchi fruits up to 32 days as compared to 12 days of untreated during refrigerated storage (5 ℃).