ABSTRACT
The impact of integrated nutrient management seems crucial for the sustainability of crop production as revealed by studies on long-term experiments. It provided the opportunity to monitor long-term variations in crop yields and associated factors. The impacts of various nutrient management strategies on yields and soil attributes in a rice-wheat system have been researched under a long-term experiment that has been running since 1983 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Further, a positive correlation has been observed between crop yields and soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn). The negative correlation with K could be attributed to soil becoming deficient in K and necessitating the application of potassium fertilizer. The treatments receiving organic manures (green manure, farmyard manure and wheat cut straw) showed a better population of soil microorganisms in comparison to the treatments receiving chemical fertilizers, thereby proving as precursors of sustaining soil health. The best soil characteristics (water-soluble aggregates, exchangeable and non-exchangeable K, fixed and total K) after rice and wheat harvesting were found where 50 % of the recommended NPK was supplemented with farmyard manure (FYM). The build-up of trace elements particularly for Fe and Zn was also noticed. In crystalline Fe oxide bound fraction (CFeOX), Fe increased between 717.1 and 984.8 mg kg-1, while Zn increased between 2.64 and 3.08 mg kg-1. Furthermore, amorphous iron oxide (AFeOX), CFeOX, carbonate (CARB), organic matter (OM) bound and exchangeable (EXCH) Fe and Zn were higher in treatments where organic manures were supplemented with 50 and 25 % N. Farmyard manure showed an incremental trend, followed by wheat cut straw and green manure (GM). The incremental trend in soil quality was noticed with FYM followed by wheat cut straw and GM.
ABSTRACT
The aim and objective of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of 0.2% chitosan, 3% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis, alone and in conjunction with diode laser. Materials and methods: The root canals of 72 extracted intact human single-rooted teeth with single canals were prepared, and E. faecalis was incubated in the root canals for 7 days. The teeth were then randomly divided into the following four experimental groups: group I: Saline, group II: 0.2% Chitosan, group III: 3% Sodium hypochlorite, and group IV: 2% Chlorhexidine. These groups were further subdivided into three groups: (1) 10 mL irrigant only, (2) 10 mL irrigant, dried and irradiation with diode laser, (3) Diode laser was used for activation of irrigant solution. Samples were obtained from subgroups in each group and checked for turbidity. The effect of each irrigant was evaluated by counting the number of colony-forming units observed on inoculation with samples taken from the irrigated canal on bile esculin azide agar. The data thus obtained was recorded and put to statistical analysis. Results: Significant reductions were noted in E. faecalis colony counts in all groups (p < 0.05). The greatest reduction in colony count (0%) was noted in group IV followed by group II. Also, samples disinfected with diode laser after root canal irrigation showed less number of colony-forming units per mL as compared to the samples irrigated with root canal solutions alone or diode laser alone. Conclusion: Chitosan has the capability for use as an accessory for disinfection of the root canal system. The application of an 810-nm diode laser by itself did not have the adequate antimicrobial activity to be used as an adjunct in root canal therapy. Irradiation with diode laser ought to be used in conjunction with the irrigant to gain maximum antibacterial effect against E. faecalis. How to cite this article: Goel P, Galhotra V, Makkar S, et al. An In-vitro Study Comparing the Antimicrobial Efficacy of 0.2% Chitosan, 3% Sodium Hypochlorite, 2% Chlorhexidine against Enterococcus faecalis, Alone and in Conjunction with Diode Laser. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(1):109-114.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fear of a dental child is most commonly associated with dentist attire and usage of syringe. The objective of the study was to evaluate the preference of dentist's attire and kind of syringe (conventional or camouflage) among different age groups of children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study A total of 750 children aged 4-14 years were included in the study. All the participants were subdivided into five major groups according to their age, i.e., 4-5 years, 6-7 years, 8-9 years, 10-11 years, and 12-14 years. A set of six photographs which included dentists in white-colored apron, pink-colored apron, green-colored apron, blue-colored apron, and gown with cartoon character and dentists without apron (formal attire) along with: (a) camouflage syringe and (b) conventional syringe were provided to every child and was asked to give his/her preference looking at the six set of pictures. The preference of each child was thus recorded. Children's anxiety level during injections and dentist attire was assessed and recorded using two anxiety scales, i.e. the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale faces version and Facial Image Scale. SPSS statistical software and Chi-square test were used. (P < 0.05). RESULTS: A majority of 35.3% participants in the 4-5-years age group preferred aprons with cartoon character, while 65.3% in the 12-14-years age group selected white apron as the preferred choice. Regarding preference of the syringe type, it was observed that 82% of the younger age preferred camouflage syringe and 75% of the older age preferred conventional syringe. On comparison of both the scales, no significant differences were found. About 82% children in the older age group were reported to be nonanxious with white attire and only 14% were anxious with the conventional syringe type. CONCLUSION: Younger children have a greater preference of colorful attire of dentist and camouflage syringe over the conventional one when compared to older children.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The management of non-vital teeth includes endodontic treatment and restoration followed by post and core restoration in selected cases. The present study was conducted to compare the indirect cast post, and core buildup with direct composite post build up in patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted on 128 teeth of 82 patients. The success rate over 3 years was evaluated clinically and radiographically by observing caries, tooth mobility, probing depth, periapical pathology, and root fractures. RESULTS: Group I consisted of 16 incisors, 20 canines, 22 premolars, and six molars while group II had 17 incisors, 14 canines, 25 premolars, and eight molars. The difference was statistical non-significant (p-0.1). Forty-four teeth in group I and 42 teeth in group II utilized composite cement, whereas 18 teeth in group I and 16 teeth in group II used GIC and zinc phosphate was used in two teeth in group I and six teeth in group II. The difference was statistical ly significant (p< 0.05). Four teeth in group I and 8 in group II were lost. One tooth in group I and two teeth in group II showed root fracture and three teeth in group I and six teeth in group II showed periapical pathology. The difference was statistically significant (p-0.01). Most common type of complication was probing depth > 4 mm, caries, tooth mobility, and root fracture. The difference was non- significant (p-0.31). CONCLUSION: Both composite post buildup and cast gold post and core build-up exhibited similar properties. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Both composite post buildup and cast gold post and core build-up exhibited similar properties hence either of the methods can be used in post core build up.
