Stress, Depression, and Anxiety of Female Adolescents of Higher Senior Secondary School: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study of Humanities, Commerce, and Science Streams.

A cross-sectional, representative sample from adolescent girls of higher senior secondary schools was collected for the study. We analyzed the data from 600 Punjabi Indian female adolescents (200 from humanities, 200 from commerce, and 200 from science stream) aged 15-17 years who were randomly selected from government and private schools. The symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed by the DAS questionnaire. Overall prevalence was 50.8%, 58.7%, and 68% for depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. A significant difference was reported for depression (.000), anxiety (.000), and stress (.002) between adolescents of three streams. The results of the study point out that there is a necessity for some interventions to educate adolescent girls about the negative effects of stress, depression, and anxiety on their body.

Muscular variations during axillary dissection: a clinical study in fifty patients.

AIM: The present study was conducted to detect the musculature variations during axillary dissection for breast cancer surgery. METHODS: The anatomy of axilla regarding muscular variations was studied in 50 patients who had an axillary dissection for the staging and treatment of invasive primary breast cancer over one year. RESULTS: In a period of one year, two patients (4%) with axillary arch and one patient (2%) with absent pectoralis major and minor muscles among fifty patients undergoing axillary surgery for breast cancer were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Axillary arch when present should always be identified and formally divided to allow adequate exposure of axillary contents, in order to achieve a complete lymphatic dissection. Complete absence of pectoralis major and minor muscles precludes the insertion of breast implants and worsens the prognosis of breast cancer.

Effect of hand preference on second to fourth digit ratio and its role in sexual dimorphism: a study in 300 Haryanvi Brahmins and 300 Kashmiri Pandits

The 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic biometric marker, related to prenatal estrogen and testosterone levels in-utero and determined genetically by HOX genes. The prenatal effects of testosterone on development of brain hemispheres are considered as a key factor in etiology of left-handedness. Besides sexual dimorphism, 2D:4D ratio shows significant ethnic and population differences. The aim of the present study is to provide an authentic database on right and left 2D:4D ratios in two different ethnic groups of a particular age and sex, and study its correlation with handedness and sexual dimorphism. The study was conducted on 300 Haryanvi Brahmins (150 each of either sex) and 300 Kashmiri Pandits (150 each of either sex) of the age group of 18 years and above. The values for 2D:4D ratio was calculated for both the hands. Hand preference was established according to Edinburgh Inventory and five hand-preference determination groups were constituted after calculation of laterality score. The results were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Mean values for 2D:4D ratio in both the ethnic groups were found to be higher in females than in males. When the values of 2D:4D ratio were assessed by sex, the values were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). When relationship between laterality score (indicator of hand preference) and 2D:4D were examined, the values were found to be significant only in Haryanvi Brahmins (males) on the right side (AU)

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High origin of arcuate artery- a case report.

Dorsalis pedis artery on the dorsum of the foot was studied to establish the standard description and any variation from normal in the branching pattern in lower limbs of 30 adult human cadavers. The dorsalis pedis artery was present in all 60 (100%) cases. The branching pattern of the artery had textbook description in 54 (90%) cases. In 6 (10%), variation in branching pattern was observed and typing of branching pattern was done as Type A, B and C. The arcuate artery was present in 55(91.7%) cases. High origin of arcuate artery was seen in 1(1.66%) case. Dorsal metatarsal arteries originated from arcuate artery.

Popliteal artery branching pattern: a cadaveric study

The study on 30 embalmed human cadavers (60 lower limbs) was carried out to find out the variations in the branching pattern of the popliteal artery. Sixty embalmed lower limbs (30 left, 30 right) belonging to 30 adult human cadavers (54 males, 6 females) formed the material for this study. The approximate age of the cadavers was 25-60 years. Variations related to the origin and disposition of the collateral branches of the popliteal artery were observed in 9 (15%) limbs as follows: common trunk between superior lateral genicular and middle genicular artery in 7 (5 male, 2 female) specimens; double middle genicular arteries in 1male specimen; and inferior lateral genicular artery was arising from anterior tibial artery in 1male specimen. Variations related to termination of the popliteal artery are depicted as follows: in 2 male specimens, left side unilateral variation of the high division of the popliteal artery was observed. The bifurcation of the popliteal artery at the level of the proximal border of the popliteus muscle was observed, the prevalence being of 3.3%. Out of these 2 limbs, in one of them variation of the origin of the peroneal artery from the anterior tibial artery was observed. Variations of popliteal artery were observed in 15% of specimens. Knowledge of these variations will be beneficial to angiographers for the evaluation of arteriograms, and to vascular surgeons for various surgical approaches in the lower extremity (AU)

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