ABSTRACT
Plasmaspheric hiss waves at the Earth are well known for causing losses of electrons from the radiation belts through wave particle interactions. At Saturn, however, we show that the different plasma density environment leads to acceleration of the electrons rather than loss. The ratio of plasma frequency to electron gyrofrequency frequently falls below one creating conditions for hiss to accelerate electrons. The location of hiss at high latitudes (>25°) coincides very well with this region of very low density. The interaction between electrons and hiss only occurs at these higher latitudes, therefore the acceleration is limited to mid to low pitch angles leading to butterfly pitch angle distributions. The hiss is typically an order of magnitude stronger than chorus at Saturn and the resulting acceleration is rapid, approaching steady state in one day at 0.4 MeV at L = 7 and the effect is stronger with increasing L-shell.
ABSTRACT
An analysis is made, from the point of view of first order geometrical optics, of the stereoscopic imagery in the type of stereoscopic microscope which consists of a simple magnifier followed by a sort of binocular field glass. The imagery cannot be orthostereoscopic. Equations are given for the transformation from object space coordinates to image space coordinates, for lateral and longitudinal magnifications, for the ratio of longitudinal to lateral magnification, and for the factor by which the instrument enhances the ability to detect small differences in depths of the object. When the eyepiece axes are not parallel, certain complications in interpreting the imagery are encountered.
