Fabrication of ECM Mimicking Bioactive Scaffold: A Regenerative Approach for MSC Mediated Applications.

Biomaterials are feasible resources that aids to replace damaged structures in our bodies. The most biologically active flora is Aloe vera which has many bioactive compounds that are anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and have ECM mimicking protein content which helps in the healing of wounds and also acts as an ECM factor for stem cell homing and differentiation. The Aloe vera containing 10 w/v of gelatin was lyophilized. Scaffolds had sharper morphology, greater hydrophilic properties, and a Young's modulus of 6.28 MPa and 15.9 MPa of higher tensile strength are desirable. In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, biologically active scaffolds have been producing hopeful outcomes in both restoration and replacement, respectively. The objective of the present investigation is to test the idea that incorporating gelatin to Aloe vera scaffolds might enhance their structure, good biocompatibility, and possibly even bioactivity. The SEM picture of the composite scaffold revealed pore walls. The scaffolds had linked pores with diameters ranging from 93 to 296 µm. Aloe vera and the matrix interact well, according to the FTIR study, which could lead to a reduction in the amount of water-binding sites and a reduction in the material's ability to absorb water. Aloe vera with 10% gelatin (AV/G) scaffold was investigated for different biological reactions of human gingival tissue mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in terms of cell proliferation, morphology, and cell migration. The results demonstrated the potential of the AV/G scaffold as a biomaterial that offers new insight in the field of tissue engineering.

Linking chronic periodontitis and oral cancer: A review.

The aim of this article is to survey the accessible writing on the pathogenetic systems engaged with the relationship between oral malignancy and periodontitis. Gingival tissue contains multiple microbiota, which can induce inflammatory reactions. This reaction plays a crucial role in assessing the susceptibility of patients to periodontal diseases. The link between chronic periodontitis and the risk of malignancy through this inflammation of the affected epithelium have been studied thoroughly. Many studies have reported that, chronic periodontitis has systemic influence which has high risk of developing different types of cancers. Also, various confounding factors such as consumption of alcohol, smoking, diet, age and gender have been found to be associated with both chronic periodontitis and oral cancer. An online quest for a wide range of articles distributed was started utilizing MEDLINE/PubMed, with the keywords, for example, 'oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)', 'oral microbiota,' 'microorganisms and malignancy and Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review aimed to study the current literature linking chronic periodontitis and oral cancer.

Management of periodontic-endodontic lesion in aggressive periodontitis-9 months follow-up: Report of a case.

The case report describes the successful management of a right mandibular first molar with a periodontic-endodontic lesion in a 28-year-old female with aggressive periodontitis. The treatment carried out to treat this condition was primarily by endodontic treatment followed by regenerative periodontal therapy where the bone graft along with platelet-rich fibrin was used. The prognosis of the tooth was fair at the baseline. Along with the above treatments, patient's compliance played a major role in improving the prognosis of the tooth. Hence, treating periodontic-endodontic lesion is not a difficult task if all the protocols were being followed during the length of the treatment.

Comparative evaluation of demineralized bone matrix and type II collagen membrane versus eggshell powder as a graft material and membrane in rat model.

INTRODUCTION: The regeneration of supportive periodontal tissues after destructive periodontal disease has become one of the primary objectives of periodontal therapy. Demineralized bone matrix (Osseograft), when used, has shown osteoinductive potential and collagen membrane (GTR) prevents the migration of epithelium into it. The literature showed that eggshell which consists of hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate shows osteoconductive as well as inductive properties. Eggshell membrane which is made of type X collagen matrix can be used as a barrier membrane. Hence, the aim of the study was to compare the demineralized bone matrix with GTR membrane to eggshell constituents and its membrane as a regenerative material in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A critical size periodontal defect of 1.5 × 6 mm was created on either side adjacent to mandibular incisors after raising the full thickness flap. Osseograft and collagen membrane covered the defect on one side and the eggshell components and its membrane filled the defects. The animals were sacrificed on the 45th day. RESULTS: Histological evaluation showed intensive new bone formation on both sides of the defect. Inflammation has resolved completely with no signs of eosinophils. Complete defect healing was noted in both the defects. A minimal amount of epithelial entrapment was noted in both the sites. There was no significant difference observed between the comparisons. More connective tissue was found in the test group. CONCLUSION: Within the limits, it can be concluded that eggshell powder along with membrane can be used as a potential graft material.

Assessing the variation in course and position of inferior alveolar nerve among south Indian population: A cone beam computed tomographic study.

BACKGROUND: Trauma to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is one of the complications during surgical procedures in the posterior mandible. Most of the time, this is due to inaccurate assessment of an operator from conventional radiographs. Lately, with the availability of advanced imaging techniques such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), precise location of anatomic structures has become a reality. This study was designed to evaluate the course and position of IAN in relation to the alveolar crest, buccal cortical bone, lingual cortical bone, and inferior border of the mandible using CBCT in South Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 139 CBCT scans were assessed using sagittal section done at every 5-mm interval beginning 1 mm posterior to the mental foramen extending till the anterior border of the ramus. Measurements were made on sectional images as CN - alveolar crest to the nerve, BN - buccal cortex to the nerve, LN -lingual cortex to the nerve, and IN - inferior border to the nerve. RESULTS: IAN showed a wavy pattern from posterior to anterior in relation to the alveolar crest and was positioned inferiorly in males when compared to females at Section one of CN1 (P = 0.004). IAN was more away from the lingual cortex in dentulous compared to partially dentulous group (P = 0.003). Females showed more bone present lingual to nerve near the first molar region. Gender and presence or absence of dentition had an influence on overall results. CONCLUSION: There is a considerable variation in the position of IAN throughout its course in the mandible. Henceforth, advanced diagnostic images such as CBCT should be strongly recommended in evaluating the position of IAN preoperatively before advanced implant surgical techniques, nerve repositioning, and any other surgical procedures.

Detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Torque Teno virus in subgingival and atheromatous plaques of cardiac patients with chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis and atherosclerosis represent a chronic inflammatory process. The incidence of periodontitis in cardiac patients with atherosclerosis is a well-established fact. The role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of both has been proposed. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Torque Teno virus (TTV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in cardiac patients with atherosclerosis and coexisting chronic periodontitis (CP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients (17 males and 13 females) with atherosclerotic plaques and coexisting periodontitis were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Viral DNA was extracted from the subgingival and atheromatous plaque. The presence of CMV, EBV, and TTV in the plaque samples was identified using polymerase chain reaction. The collected data were statistically analyzed for the prevalence of the viruses and Chi-squared test was performed to find out its association with atheroma and CP. RESULTS: The prevalence of CMV, EBV, and TTV in atheromatous plaque was 63.3%, 56.7%, and 46.7%, respectively, as compared to rates of 80%, 63.3%, and 53.3% in subgingival plaque. Results also indicated no significant association of CMV, EBV, and TTV in both samples (P = 0.08, 0.346, and 0.261, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant association of CMV, EBV, and TTV between subgingival and atheromatous plaque. The prevalence of CMV, EBV, and TTV was high in atheromatous plaque. TTV was isolated from more than 50% of participants in atheromatous plaque, which is a significant finding.

Methods of Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells from Different Regions of Oral Cavity Using Markers: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a destructive inflammatory disorder of the periodontium caused by the destruction of periodontal tissues namely the PDL, cementum, alveolar bone, and gingiva. Once these tissues are lost, the foremost goal of periodontal therapy is to regenerate the diseased tissues if possible to their original form, architecture, and function. Various regenerative procedures were employed and still a gap was found in achieving the goal. As stem cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate to produce specialized cells, there could be a possibility of using them for regenerative therapy. Recently, dental tissues such as the PDL, the dental pulp and the tooth follicle have been recognized as readily available sources of adult stem cells. AIM: The aim was to identify the various sources and methodologies in isolation of stem cells from human oral cavity and its differentiation into various lineages using markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The electronic databases PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, SCIENCE DIRECT, COCHRANE LIBRARY along with a complimentary manual search of all periodontics journal till the year 2016. Thirteen articles were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria. Isolation of stem cells from oral cavity through various methods has been evaluated and similarly characterization to different lineages were tabulated as variables of interest. They included human in-vitro and ex-vivo studies. RESULTS: The results showed that PDLSC's and pulpal stem cells are the most common source from where stem cells were isolated. Each source has used different methodology in isolating the stem cells and it was found that STRO-1 was the commonly used marker in all the studies mentioned. CONCLUSIONS: The studies showed that there is no standard protocol existed in isolating the stem cells from different sources of oral cavity. Moreover, there was no standard marker or methodology used in characterization.