ABSTRACT
The article reports the successful fabrication of Eu3+-doped WO3 thin films via the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) technique. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the tunable visible emission (blue to bluish red) from a WO3:Eu3+ thin film system using RFMS. X-ray diffractograms revealed that the crystalline nature of these thin films increased upto 3 wt% of the Eu3+ concentration. The diffraction peaks in the crystalline films are matched well with the monoclinic crystalline phase of WO3, but for all the films', micro-Raman spectra detected bands related to WO3 monoclinic phase. Vibrational and surface studies reveal the amorphous/semi-crystalline behavior of the 10 wt% Eu3+-doped sample. Valence state determination shows the trivalent state of Eu ions in doped films. In the 400-900 nm regions, the fabricated thin films show an average optical transparency of ~51-85%. Moreover, the band gap energy gradually reduces from 2.95 to 2.49 eV, with an enhancement of the Eu3+-doping content. The doped films, except the one at a higher doping concentration (10 wt%), show unique emissions of Eu3+ ions, besides the band edge emission of WO3. With an enhancement of the Eu3+ content, the concentration quenching process of the Eu3+ ions' emission intensities is visible. The variation in CIE chromaticity coordinates suggest that the overall emission color can be altered from blue to bluish red by changing the Eu3+ ion concentration.
ABSTRACT
Ascorbic acid can be determined by titration with potassium ferricyanide in sulphuric, phosphoric or hydrochloric acid media. Twelve indicators, including ferroin and some triphenylmethane and thiazine dyes, have been found suitable. The method has been successfully applied to assay of commercial products for vitamin C. Several organic substances likely to be associated with ascorbic acid in preparations and plant tissues do not interfere.
ABSTRACT
A direct titrimetric procedure has been developed for the determination of nitrate and nitrite with ascorbic acid in 9-12M phosphoric acid medium. Ferroin, N-phenylanthranilic acid, barium diphenylamine sulphonate and diphenylbenzidene can be used as the indicator. The method has also been applied for the assay of nitrate in fertilizers.
ABSTRACT
The determination of antimony(III) with potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) in 5M hydrochloric acid medium and in the presence of 40% v/v acetic acid is described. Ferroin is used as the indicator. Antimony has been determined in tartar emetic, solder and pig lead. Arsenic(III) does not interfere.
ABSTRACT
Methylene Blue and some other thiazine dyes are titrated at room temperature visually and potentiometrically in presence of 0.005-0.1N oxalic acid. The effect of oxalic acid on the conditional potentials of the Ti(IV)/Ti(III) couple is presented.
