ABSTRACT
The neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP), which is known to modulate a wide range of social behaviors in animals, has been identified as a modulator of various negative responses to social stimuli in humans. However, behavioral evidence directly supporting its involvement in human defensive aggression has been rare. We investigated the effect of intranasal AVP on defensive aggression in a laboratory experiment, using an incentivized economic game called the "preemptive strike game" (PSG). Participants played PSG individually (1 on 1) as well as in pairs (2 on 2) under either AVP or saline. We observed that exogenous but not basal AVP modulated the attack rate in PSG for both male and female participants. A model-based analysis of the aggregation of individual attack preferences into pair decisions revealed that the AVP effect on defensive aggression occurred mainly at the individual level and was not amplified at the pair level. Overall, these results present the first evidence that intranasal AVP promotes human defensive aggression for both males and females in a bilateral situation where each party can potentially damage the resources of the other party. These findings also parallel accumulating evidence from non-human animals concerning AVP's involvement in territorial defense against potential intruders.
Subject(s)
Aggression/physiology , Neurophysins/administration & dosage , Protein Precursors/administration & dosage , Social Behavior , Territoriality , Vasopressins/administration & dosage , Adolescent , Adult , Aggression/drug effects , Female , Humans , Male , Young AdultABSTRACT
We demonstrate an organic molecule with an energy gap between its singlet and triplet excited states of almost zero (ΔE(ST) â¼ 0 eV). Such separation was realized through proper combination of an electron-donating indolocarbazole group and a diphenyltriazine electron-accepting moiety. Calculated and measured ΔE(ST) were 0.003 and 0.02 eV, respectively. A total photoluminescence efficiency of 59% ± 2% with 45% ± 2% from a delayed component and 14% ± 2% from a prompt component was obtained for a doped film. Organic light emitting diodes containing this molecule as an emitting dopant exhibited an unexpectedly high external electroluminescence efficiency of η(EQE) = 14% ± 1%.
Subject(s)
Carbazoles/chemistry , Luminescent Measurements/methods , Triazenes/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Photochemical Processes , Quantum Theory , ThermodynamicsABSTRACT
The rare earth metal(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (rare earth metal(III) triflate, RE(OTf)3) was found to be an efficient catalyst for aromatic nitration with carboxylic anhydride-inorganic nitrate as the nitrating agent. In the presence of a catalytic amount of RE(OTf)3, the nitration of substituted benzenes proceeded to afford the corresponding nitrobenzenes. Especially, scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (scandium(III) triflate, Sc(OTf)3) is the most active catalyst among our tested Lewis acids. It was also found that acetic anhydride-Al(NO3).9H2O is the most active nitrating agent in this system.
Subject(s)
Acetic Anhydrides/chemistry , Mesylates/chemistry , Nitrates/chemistry , Scandium/chemistryABSTRACT
Rare earth metal trifluoromethanesulfonates [rare earth metal triflate, RE(OTf)3] were found to be efficient catalyst for benzyl-etherification. In the presence of a catalytic amount of RE(OTf)3, condensation of benzyl alcohols and aliphatic alcohols proceeded smoothly to afford the benzyl ethers. The condensation between benzyl alcohols and thiols also proceeded, and thio ethers were obtained in good yield. In these reactions, RE(OTf)3 could be recovered easily after the reactions were completed and could be reused without loss of activity.
