DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOUR THERAPY FOR CSA-RELATED PTSD AMONG YOUNG ADOLESCENTS: A SINGLE CASE STUDY.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive and traumatic experience that can lead to long-lasting and profound psychological costs, especially post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among young adolescents. This single case study explores the application of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) as ground-breaking therapeutic approach for the treatment of child sexual abuse related PTSD in this vulnerable population. DBT found to be effective in treating CSA related PTSD, according to a growing body of research. This case study presents the course of treatment of 13 years old girl with CSA-related PTSD who received Dialectical Behaviour Therapy as treatment. In this instance, the client reacted to the therapy and displayed positive changes. Following the treatment, the client's PTSD criteria were no longer met, evidenced by substantial drops on the scale used for evaluation. The article discusses the treatment implications of DBT and how well it treats children with PTSD related to CSA.

Impulsivity, impulsive aggression and borderline personality features among violent spouses.

Objective: Spousal violence in Pakistan is under researched but still not considered as a public health problem. The current study is intended to analyze the association between multiple measures of impulsivity, impulsive aggression, and borderline personality feature among violent spouses as well as to find out the moderating role of impulsive aggression between spousal violence and borderline personality features. Methods: A cross-sectional survey research design was used for conducting the research. The sample of 300 spouses, experiencing intimate partner relationships, was taken from different cities of the Hazara division through purposive sampling. Results: Present study demonstrated a significant positive correlation of spousal violence with impulsivity (r = .708∗∗, P < .001), impulsive aggression (r = .176∗∗, P < .001), and borderline personality features (r = .605∗∗, P < .001), while impulsivity was negatively correlated with impulsive aggression (r = -.018, P < .01). Impulsive aggression moderates the relationship between spousal violence and borderline personality features. The results showed that male and female spouses were found equally impulsive and impulsively aggressive. Likewise, impulsivity, impulsive aggression, and borderline personality features were found significant predictors of violence F = (3, 296) = 106. 67, P < .001. Conclusion: Current research offers some important insights and consequences for physicians and practitioners who interact with individuals who have experienced violence. These results have significant therapeutic implications for the treatment of violent couples.

The mental health issues of eunuchs in the context of social exclusion.

OBJECTIVE: To study the mental health problems in eunuchs, the neglected segment that has been facing social exclusion and exploitation on behalf of social layers of the society. METHODS: The study was conducted from Jan 2017 to April 2017and adopted a qualitative approach by engaging eight eunuchs' group purposefully through focussed group discussion to unearth the issues related to eunuchs in Hazara Division. The participants were informed in detail, about the purpose of the study and their consent was conferred. The discussion was recorded in local language and their views were transcribed and analysed by comparative statements for drawing results through coding of the target groups. RESULTS: The severe kind of economic and social pressures of poverty and social neglect resulting in depression, anxiety and suicidal tendencies were found among this group, which affected the overall mental health. This showed that, eunuchs have not been provided with basic social rights and can be classed as a neglected gender group. In addition, there is no love and care provided by the kin and relatives which results in the eunuchs facing psychological complications in daily life. CONCLUSIONS: Eunuchs face psychological complications in daily life. The condition necessitates encouragement and social acceptance of eunuch to lead a normal and healthy life in the society. Furthermore socio-psychosocial aid and regular counselling is mandatory for creating hope necessary for leading a normal life.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEGATIVE COGNITIVE STYLE AND DEPRESSION AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS.

BACKGROUND: Depression is one of the major problems faced by medical students, which have significant adverse effects on their social, academic and occupational functioning. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of depression and to explore the gender differences and interrelationship between the depression and negative cognitive style among medical students of First year (FY) Last year (LY) MBBS. METHODS: A Cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in Ayub medical college Abbottabad; Khyber medical college Peshawar; Bannu medical college; Rawalpindi medical college; Punjab medical college Faisalabad and Allama Iqbal medical college Lahore, Pakistan. Applying stratified sampling technique a battery of questionnaires naming depression screening test, self-report depression scale and cognitive style questionnaire was filed by a sample of 1000 (first and last year) medical students. The data was analysed by SPSS 16. RESULTS: Positive relationship exists between depression and negative cognitive style (r = .57, p < .05) among medical students. Forty one percent male and 61% female students of FY and 58% males and 69% female of LY students exhibited depressive symptoms. Females have higher scores on cognitive style questionnaire t (998) = 3.70, p < .05, and depression t (998) = 4.28, p < .05. The t-test analysis also revealed that FY students were holding more negative cognitive style t (998) = 6.21, p < .05, whereas LY medical students to be more depressed t (998) = 5.43, p < .05. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed significant distress among medical students. Negative cognitive style positively correlates with depression among medical students. Furthermore, it is noticed that among female students the prevalence of depressive symptoms and negative cognitive style was higher. Moreover, it is concluded that the prevalence of depression in LY and negative cognitive styles among FY was higher respectively. Students should be provided proper counselling to avoid and cope with faulty thought patterns leading to depression. Keywords: negative cognitive style, depression, gender.

Upper And Lower Limbs Disability And Personality Traits.

BACKGROUND: It is believed that the study of personality has the potentials to enhance our prognostic abilities and can better to expose the etiology of mental illness through the relationship of revealed mechanisms. The focus of this study was to investigate and compare the habitual patterns of behavior, thought and emotions of upper and lower limb physically disabled students in terms of personality traits. METHODS: This cross sectional study consisted of 100 upper limbs and lower limbs disabled students taken from Kingston school Inclusive Education System Abottabad, Mashal special education system Haripur, Syed Ahmed Shaheed special education center Abottabad, Al-Munir Foundation Mansehra and Hera Special Education System Haripur and 100 normal students taken from Islamic International School Abottabad, Falcon Public School Haripur, Iqra Academy Mansehra and Alhamd International School Haripur of Hazara Division by purposive sampling technique. This study was conducted during the month of June 2013 to May 2014. Goldberg five big personality scale was used for measuring personality traits of physically disabled and normal students. RESULTS: The significant difference of personality traits scores between physically disabled students (M = 139.2, SD=12.0) and normal students (M=184.5, SD=13.2), t (198) =25.3, p<.05 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Normal students have high scores as compared to physically disabled students on big five traits, i.e., Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience.