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Childhood trauma refers to trauma experiences encountered during childhood and adolescence. Maternal childhood trauma experiences have a lasting impact on the next generation, affecting their physical and mental well-being. The mechanisms involved include the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory factors, brain structure and function, gene interactions, and parenting styles. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of the impact of maternal childhood trauma on intergenerational transmission, providing insights for the prevention of intergenerational transmission of childhood trauma.

Regional differences in the risk of insomnia symptoms among patients from general hospital outpatient clinics.

BACKGROUND: Region-specific differences in the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in outpatient clinics in China have received little systematic study. This study was conducted preliminarily to examine region-specific differences in the risk of insomnia symptoms in Chinese outpatients. METHOD: In total, 4,399 adult outpatients (urban vs rural residents: 1,768 vs 2,631) who completed three questions focusing on insomnia symptoms were included. Their sociodemographic and clinical information were collected with standardized questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported insomnia symptoms in urban residents (23.4%) was more frequent than the prevalence in rural residents (21.2%). The estimated prevalence of insomnia symptoms was significantly lower in rural than urban residents after adjusting for the potential confounders (P=0.015). Similarly, more urban (22.9%) than rural (13.4%) residents with insomnia symptoms had significantly higher treatment rates (χ 2=14.9, P<0.001). Multiple regression analyses showed that depressive symptoms, old age, and low education level were the most common risk factors for insomnia symptoms in both urban and rural residents. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that the prevalence of insomnia symptoms was relatively lower in rural than urban residents. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm the current findings.

Gender differences in the prevalence and clinical correlates of sleep disturbance in general hospital outpatients.

This study investigated gender differences in the prevalence of sleep disturbance and related demographic and clinical characteristics, including quality of life (QOL), in Chinese outpatients. Up to 4399 adult outpatients (2896 females, 1503 males) who visited the neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and gynaecological outpatient clinics in four general hospitals were recruited. Demographic and clinical data including QOL were collected by using self-report questionnaires. The prevalence of sleep disturbance in female outpatients (671/2896, 23.2%) was significantly higher than in male outpatients (302/1503, 20.1%) and remained significant after adjusting for significant confounders in the regression analysis. In the regression analysis, divorced/widowed and unemployed status were independently associated with a higher frequency of sleep disturbance in females, while educational level was independently associated with males only. Among these factors, depressive symptoms and older age were the most common risk factors for sleep disturbance in both genders. Sleep disturbance was not associated with the mental domains of the QOL assessments in both genders. This study suggests that sleep disturbance is more frequent in female outpatients and is associated with multiple factors in both genders. A longitudinal study is warranted to confirm the current findings.

Prevalence of insomnia symptoms and their associated factors in patients treated in outpatient clinics of four general hospitals in Guangzhou, China.

BACKGROUND: Data on the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in medical outpatient clinics in China are lacking. This study examined the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and their socio-demographic correlates in patients treated at medical outpatient clinics affiliated with four general hospitals in Guangzhou, a large metropolis in southern China. METHOD: A total of 4399 patients were consecutively invited to participate in the study. Data on insomnia and its socio-demographic correlates were collected with standardized questionnaires. RESULTS: The prevalence of any type of insomnia symptoms was 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 20.9-23.3%); the prevalence of difficulty initiating sleep was 14.3%, difficulty maintaining sleep was 16.2%, and early morning awakening was 12.4%. Only 17.5% of the patients suffering from insomnia received sleeping pills. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender, education level, rural residence, and being unemployed or retired were negatively associated with insomnia symptoms, while lacking health insurance, older age and more severe depressive symptoms were positively associated with insomnia symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia symptoms are common in patients attending medical outpatient clinics in Guangzhou. Increasing awareness of sleep hygiene measures, regular screening and psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for insomnia are needed in China. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-INR-16008066 . Registered 8 March 2016.

Association of sleep duration with sleep disturbances, quality of life, and sociodemographic factors in general hospital outpatients.

PURPOSE: To examine sleep duration and its demographic and clinical correlates in patients attending outpatient clinics attached to general hospitals. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 4,399 outpatients participated in the study. Sleep duration (short sleep, <7 h/day; long sleep, >8 h/day; and medium sleep, 7-8 h/day) was assessed. FINDINGS: The proportions of short and long sleep duration were 39.5% and 10.3%, respectively. Significant associations between short sleep and any type of sleep disturbances, age, education level, depressive symptoms, and rural residence were found. Long sleep was associated with age, education level, being unemployed, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Short sleep duration is common among Chinese general hospital outpatients. Due to its negative effects, screening and interventions for short sleep are needed in this population.