Inflammatory mediators in patients receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition.

This study was designed to examine circulating and urine cytokine levels in patients receiving long-term home total parenteral nutrition (TPN) support. Twelve patients who had been receiving home TPN for more than 1 year (range, 1.3-19.5 years) were enrolled for study. To avoid the potential confounding effects of intercurrent infection, patients were studied during periods of clinical stability without clinical evidence of infection. Ten normal healthy volunteers served as controls. Serum levels of albumin and C-reactive protein, temperature, body weight, and blood white cell counts were determined. The levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNF-RII) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured in serum and 24-hr urine. The results showed that the concentrations of sTNF-RII and IL-6 in 24-hr urine and serum were significantly higher in patients, indicating that long-term home TPN may be associated with a persistent low-grade inflammatory state.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion in patients with severe short bowel syndrome (SSBS).

This study examined the effects of a liquid meal on cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion in patients with severe short bowel syndrome (SSBS) receiving home total parenteral nutrition (TPN) support for 5-19 years after massive small bowel resection. Five patients with SSBS due to superior mesenteric artery or vein thrombosis were included. Five healthy volunteers served as controls. Blood was drawn before and 1 hr following consumption of 250 ml of a liquid diet containing 232 kcal with 8 g fat and 8 g protein. Plasma CCK activity was evaluated by amylase bioassay. All patients had stable weight with a normal BMI and serum albumin level, although there were mild abnormalities in their liver function tests. CCK secretion after stimulation was significantly decreased in patients. These results suggest that reduction in intestinal length influences CCK secretion in response to meal stimulation in SSBS patients.

Incidence, prognosis, and etiology of end-stage liver disease in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition.

BACKGROUND: Elevations in liver function tests have been reported in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The clinical aspects of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) associated with the prolonged use of home TPN have not been fully clarified. In previous series patients with duodenocolostomies appeared to be at higher risk than persons with some jejunum or ileum remaining in situ. METHODS: The records of 42 patients treated with home TPN for more than 1 year were examined. This constituted 283 person-years of home TPN. Patients with duodenocolostomies were examined as a separate group on the basis of the literature experience. RESULTS: Six of 42 patients who received chronic home TPN had ESLD with 100% subsequent mortality, at an average of 10.8 +/- 7.1 months after the initial bilirubin elevation. Thirteen of 42 patients had superior mesenteric artery or vein thrombosis (SMT) leading to duodenocolostomy. In 8 of these 13 patients with SMT and underlying inflammatory or malignant disorder, 2 had ESLD. The remaining 5 SMT patients who had only minimal liver enzyme elevation over 13.6 +/- 6.7 (range 3 to 19) years of home TPN were significantly younger (36 +/- 7 years vs 64 +/- 13 years) and did not have underlying inflammation either by clinical diagnosis or as reflected in the high normal serum albumin level (> or = 4.0 g/dL). Despite their extreme short bowel syndrome and long exposure to home TPN, ESLD did not develop. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 15% of patients who receive prolonged TPN have ESLD with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The combination of chronic inflammation and the short bowel syndrome appears to be necessary for the development of ESLD with prolonged home TPN.

Incidence of arrhythmia with central venous catheter insertion and exchange.

The risk of complication during the insertion or exchange of central venous catheters has been well documented. The majority of complications involve mechanical problems associated with insertion. Although cardiac arrhythmia has been acknowledged as a possible complication, its incidence has never been quantified. We performed cardiac monitoring on patients during 51 central venous catheter insertions or exchanges to determine the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during guidewire insertion. Forty-one percent of procedures resulted in atrial arrhythmias and 25% produced some degree of ventricular ectopy, 30% of these were ventricular couplets or greater. Ventricular ectopy was significantly more common in shorter patients (160 +/- 8 vs 168 +/- 11 cm, p less than 0.05) and when the catheter was inserted from the right subclavian position (43% ventricular ectopy vs 10% at the other sites). Other variables such as age, cardiac history, serum potassium, type of procedure, and catheter brand were not significant. It is our conclusion that over-insertion of the wire causes this cardiac stimulation. Despite the absence of morbidity or mortality in this study, this incidence of ventricular ectopy indicates that there is a distinct possibility of a malignant arrhythmia being precipitated by a guidewire. Some modification of the current protocol for these procedures seems indicated.