Subject(s)
Animal Experimentation , Animal Welfare , Attitude , Behavioral Research , Psychology , Reference Standards , Research , Students , Animals , Data Collection , Ethical Review , Ethics , Human Experimentation , Humans , Research SubjectsABSTRACT
Six underweight rats drank in a polydipsic pattern of single post-reinforcement bursts of licking before bar-pressing for subsequent food reinforcers scheduled at fixed 60-sec intervals. With a 60-sec random interval schedule they frequently oscillated between barpressing and drinking. On both schedules mean drink durations were shorter than average inter-reinforcement times, but longer drinks occurred under the fixed-interval schedule. We concluded that intermittent reinforcement entrains drinking because food plus water is more reinforcing than dry food alone, and that polydipsia develops when opportunities for drinking do not compete with opportunities for feeding.
Subject(s)
Drinking Behavior/physiology , Animals , Conditioning, Psychological/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Male , Rats , Reinforcement, Psychology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
In dose-related amounts, the drug haloperidol attenuated schedule-induced drinking by rats prefed with 0.01-mg drug added to 0, 25, 50, 75 or all of 100 Noyes 45-mg pellets. Drug pellets also induced less drinking than did regular Noyes pellets by rats that obtained these pellets at 1-min intervals by bar pressing. Haloperidol also reduced bar pressing and, temporarily, rate of reinforcement. The results appeared not to be due to a general sedative effect of haloperidol but to its selective power to reduce angiotensin-induced drinking. Thus, schedule-induced drinking, which is abnormal in not causing satiation, is controllable by a drug that interferes with the renin-angiotensin hormone system thought to regulate normal drinking.
Subject(s)
Conditioning, Operant/drug effects , Drinking Behavior/drug effects , Haloperidol/pharmacology , Reinforcement Schedule , Administration, Oral , Angiotensin II/antagonists & inhibitors , Angiotensin II/physiology , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Feeding Behavior/drug effects , Haloperidol/administration & dosage , Imipramine/pharmacology , Male , Propranolol/pharmacology , Rats , Renin/antagonists & inhibitors , Renin/physiologySubject(s)
Alcohol Drinking , Reinforcement Schedule , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Feeding Behavior , Male , Probability , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Reward , WaterABSTRACT
Responding in three food-deprived rats was reinforced on schedules in which reinforcement periods (fixed-ratio 1 or 2 for 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, or 21 reinforcers) alternated with extinction intervals. Schedule-induced drinking occurred and was mostly confined to the onset of extinction intervals. Drink durations were longer after 21-pellet meals but were not reliably different after 1, 3, 6, or 9-pellet meals. When termination of the extinction intervals was response dependent, schedule-induced drinking diminished until minimum extinction intervals of 15, 30, and 60 sec were introduced.
Subject(s)
Drinking Behavior , Reinforcement Schedule , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Appetite Regulation , Behavior, Animal , Conditioning, Operant , Eating , Extinction, Psychological , Feeding Behavior , Food Deprivation , Male , Probability , RatsSubject(s)
Alcoholism/therapy , Emotions , Personality Inventory , Reinforcement, Psychology , Adult , Aversive Therapy , Female , Happiness , Humans , Male , Methods , Middle Aged , Reinforcement ScheduleSubject(s)
Alcohol Drinking , Reinforcement Schedule , Alcoholism/etiology , Animals , Conditioning, Operant , Ethanol/blood , Female , Food , Habits , Humans , Rats , Reinforcement, Social , Sweetening Agents , Taste , VolitionABSTRACT
Four white rats were trained to avoid electric shocks by depressing a bar after the onset of a stimulus and releasing it after termination of the stimulus. All subjects acquired the behavior of holding the bar in the presence of the stimulus and releasing it in the absence of the stimulus, but one animal almost always required a "priming" shock. The others exhibited a high level of shock avoidance.
Subject(s)
Avoidance Learning , Discrimination Learning , Animals , Electroshock , Male , RatsSubject(s)
Avoidance Learning , Animals , Electroshock , Male , Motor Activity , Rats , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Three of four white rats learned to press first one bar and then another to escape or avoid electric shocks. Cumulative bar-holding-time records showed that holding occurred frequently on the second bar but hardly ever on the first, indicating that bar-holding is more "perserverative" than "preparatory". The response chain, first-bar press second-bar press, was more easily established by a forward than by a backward chaining procedure.
Subject(s)
Avoidance Learning , Conditioning, Operant , Escape Reaction , Animals , Electroshock , Male , RatsSubject(s)
Conditioning, Psychological , Eye Movements , Unconscious, Psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Conditioning, Operant , Female , Humans , Infant , Intellectual Disability , Male , TrisomyABSTRACT
Eight white rats were trained to make fixed numbers of responses on each of two bars alternately in the presence of different exteroceptive stimuli. Three types of error were observed: alternating-bar switching before response requirements for reinforcement were met; perseverating-responding on the wrong bar after reinforcement; and overshooting-responding on a bar after reinforcement became available. Alternating and perseverating errors occurred mainly on the bar requiring the smaller ratio. When the ratios on the bars were changed, alternating errors were most common, but they diminished rapidly. Perseverating and overshooting errors did not diminish.
