ABSTRACT
The incorporation of the fluorine motif is a strategy widely applied in drug design for modulating the activity, physicochemical parameters, and metabolic stability of chemical compounds. In this study, we attempted to reduce the affinity for ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel by introducing fluorine atoms in a group of 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines that are capable of inhibiting monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B). A series of structural modifications guided by in vitro evaluation of MAO-B inhibition and antitargeting for hERG channels were performed, which led to the identification of 1-(3-chlorobenzyl)-4-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline (26). Compound 26 acted as a reversible MAO-B inhibitor exhibiting selectivity over 45 targets, enzymes, transporters, and ion channels, and showed potent glioprotective properties in cultured astrocytes. In addition, the compound demonstrated good metabolic stability in rat liver microsomes assay, a favorable safety profile, and brain permeability. It also displayed procognitive effects in the novel object recognition test in rats and antidepressant-like activity in forced swim test in mice. The findings of the study suggest that reversible MAO-B inhibitors can have potential therapeutic applications in Alzheimer's disease.
Subject(s)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors , Quinolines , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Fluorine/pharmacology , Mice , Monoamine Oxidase/metabolism , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/chemistry , Quinolines/metabolism , RatsABSTRACT
The complex etiology of Alzheimer's disease has initiated a quest for multi-target ligands to address the multifactorial causes of this neurodegenerative disorder. In this context, we designed dual-acting 5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) antagonists/MAO-B inhibitors using pharmacophore hybridization strategy. Our approach involved linking priviliged scaffolds of 5-HT6R with aryloxy fragments derived from reversible and irreversible MAO-B inhibitors. The study identified compound 48 that acts as an inverse agonist of 5-HT6R at Gs signaling and an irreversible MAO-B inhibitor. Compound 48 showed moderate metabolic stability in rat microsomal assay, artificial membrane permeability, no hepatotoxicity, and it was well distributed to the brain. Additionally, 48 showed glioprotective properties in a model of cultured astrocytes using 6-OHDA as the cytotoxic agent. Finally, compound 48 (MED = 1 mg/kg, p.o.) fully reversed memory deficits in the NOR task induced by scopolamine in rats. A better understanding of effects exerted by dual-acting 5-HT6R/MAO-B modulators may impact the future development of neurodegenerative-directed treatment strategies.
Subject(s)
Alkynes/pharmacology , Indoles/pharmacology , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Nootropic Agents/pharmacology , Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism , Alkynes/chemical synthesis , Alkynes/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Astrocytes/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Inverse Agonism , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Indoles/pharmacokinetics , Male , Molecular Structure , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Neuroprotective Agents/chemical synthesis , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacokinetics , Nootropic Agents/chemical synthesis , Nootropic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Serotonin Antagonists/chemical synthesis , Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacokinetics , Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The first catalytic asymmetric addition of TosMIC to unactivated ketones is presented. A combination of Me2Zn and aminoalcohol catalyst promoted the aldol addition/cyclization reaction to render oxazolines possessing a fully substituted stereocenter with excellent yields (up to 92%), high enantioselectivities (up to 96%), and complete diastereoselectivity. The chiral oxazolines were then used to give, after a straightforward acid hydrolysis, enantioenriched building blocks bearing tertiary alcohol motifs such as hydroxylaldehydes, hydroxylacids, and hydroxylesters without racemization.
