Low-Migration Compounds with Amine Functionality as Coinitiators of Radical Polymerization.

The utilization of two-component systems comprising camphorquinone (CQ) and aromatic amines has become prevalent in the photopolymerization. However, there are still concerns about the safety of this CQ/amine system, mainly because of the toxicity associated with the leaching of aromatic amines. In light of these concerns, this study aims to develop novel coinitiator combinations featuring CQ and amines which cannot be leached out of materials, enabling free radical polymerization of representative dentalmethacrylate resins under blue light irradiation. This approach involves the initial design and analysis of hydrogen donors with low C─H bond dissociation energy through molecular modeling. Subsequently, copolymerizable methacrylate functional groups are incorporated via chemical modification, allowing it to act as both coinitiator and copolymerization monomer to achieve low migrationand leachability properties. This work presents, for the first time, the synthesis of the innovative coinitiator and compares its performance with the benchmark CQ/ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDB)-based photoinitiation system (PIS). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly proposed PIS. Finally, an in-depth investigation is conducted into the reaction mechanism associated with this PIS through molecular orbital calculations and electron spin resonance studies.

Borabicyclo[3.2.0]heptadiene: A Fused Bicyclic Isomer of Borepin.

A new isomer of borepin, identified as 2-borabicyclo[3.2.0]hepta-3,6-diene by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy, was obtained by reaction of 1-mesityl-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylborole with the diaminoalkyne bis(piperidyl)acetylene. Analogous reactions of the alkyne with other borole derivatives generated seven-membered borepins, in which a second equivalent of the alkyne was found to insert into the exocyclic B-C bond. Results of mechanistic DFT studies as well as differences in the reactivity of the boroles toward the diaminoalkyne are discussed.

Cleavage of BN triple bonds by main group reagents.

We report two rare instances of an insertion into the strong (ca. 170 kcal mol-1) BN triple bond of iminoboranes. In the first, a silylene inserts into di-tert-butyliminoborane to form an iminosilane. In the second, the highly crowded iminoborane Ter-NB-TMP (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl, Ter = 2,6-(diphenylmethyl)-4-tert-butylphenyl) can be forced to react with Pip-CC-Pip (Pip = piperidyl) at 60 °C. The reaction product is the apparent result of Pip-CC insertion into the iminoborane BN bond.

Alkylideneborate zwitterions and C-C coupling by atypical diboration of electron-rich alkynes.

The combination of electron-rich diaminoalkynes and ditopic Lewis acids diboranes(4) leads to unusual uncatalysed diboration reactions involving internal Lewis adduct, zwitterion, and C-C bond formation. The products are novel multicyclic, charge-separated compounds with intramolecular dative bonds.

Abnormal Tin-Boron Exchange in the Attempted Synthesis of a Borylated Borole.

Boroles are important motifs within functional materials. With the aim to prepare a pinacolboryl-substituted derivative, the metallacycle transfer from corresponding zirconium and tin precursors has been explored. We show that the reaction of 1,1-dimethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrapinacolborylstannole with dichloro(phenyl)borane does not provide the desired borole, but instead a stannyl-substituted 1-chloroboracyclopent-3-ene. Spectroscopic and structural details of this highly functionalized boracycle indicate that intramolecular interactions between the tin and oxygen atoms of the boryl substituents may account for the unexpected outcome of the tin-boron exchange reaction.

Engineering a Small HOMO-LUMO Gap and Intramolecular C-H Borylation by Diborene/Anthracene Orbital Intercalation.

The diborene 1 was synthesized by reduction of a mixture of 1,2-di-9-anthryl-1,2-dibromodiborane(4) (6) and trimethylphosphine with potassium graphite. The X-ray structure of 1 shows the two anthryl rings to be parallel and their π(C14 ) systems perpendicular to the diborene π(B=B) system. This twisted conformation allows for intercalation of the relatively high-lying π(B=B) orbital and the low-lying π* orbital of the anthryl moiety with no significant conjugation, resulting in a small HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG) and ultimately a C-H borylation of the anthryl unit. The HLG of 1 was estimated to be 1.57 eV from the onset of the long wavelength band in its UV/Vis absorption spectrum (THF, λonset =788 nm). The oxidation of 1 with elemental selenium afforded diboraselenirane 8 in quantitative yield. By oxidative abstraction of one phosphine ligand by another equivalent of elemental selenium, the B-B and C1 -H bonds of 8 were cleaved to give the cyclic 1,9-diborylanthracene 9.

Scope of the Thermal Ring-Expansion Reaction of Boroles with Organoazides.

Electronic and steric factors have been investigated in the thermal ring expansion of boroles with organic azides, a reaction that provides access to highly arylated 1,2-azaborinines, BN analogues of benzene. Reactions of a variety of boroles and organic azides demonstrate that the synthetic method is quite general in furnishing 1,2-azaborinines, but the respective reaction rates reveal a strong dependence on the substituents on the two reactants. The products have been characterized by UV/Vis, electrochemical, NMR, and X-ray diffraction methods, clarifying their constitutions and highlighting substituent effects on the electronic structure of the 1,2-azaborinines. Furthermore, analysis of several possible mechanistic pathways for 1,2-azaborinine formation, as studied by DFT, revealed that a two-step mechanism involving azide-borole adduct formation and nitrene insertion is favored.

Cyclisation of biscarbenoids - a novel mode of cyclobutadiene stabilisation.

The reaction of the vicinal biscarbenoid Pip-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-Pip with dimethyltin dichloride yields a unique tetraamino-substituted cyclobutadienyl system featuring a dative C-Sn interaction. DFT investigation of the reaction mechanism revealed that coordination of the stannyl fragment to the nucleophilic carbon leads to a metal-stabilised zwitterion, allowing for [2+2] cycloaddition under thermal conditions. The compound features a homoaromatic π-system comprising the three sp2-hybridised carbon atoms of the four-membered ring as a consequence of charge separation.

Elucidating the Reactivity of Vicinal Dicarbenoids: From Lewis Adduct Formation to B-C Bond Activation.

The reactivity of the diaminoacetylene Pip-C≡C-Pip (Pip=piperidyl=NC5 H10 ) towards phenyldichloro- and triphenylborane is presented. In the case of the less Lewis acidic PhBCl2 , the first example of a double Lewis adduct of a vicinal dicarbenoid is reported. For the more Lewis acidic triphenylborane, coordination to the bifunctional carbene leads to a mild B-C bond activation, resulting in a syn-1,2-carboboration. Ensuing cis/trans isomerization yields a novel ethylene-bridged frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). The compounds were characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, structural analysis, and mass spectrometry. Reactivity studies of both isomers with the N-heterocyclic carbene 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe) aided in elucidating the proposed isomerization pathway. DFT calculations were carried out to elucidate the reaction mechanism. The rather low free energy of activation is consistent with the observation that the reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature.

Synthesis of cyclic diborenes with unprecedented cis-configuration.

The first examples of cis-configured diborenes - and the first cyclic diborenes - are isolated by taking advantage of stabilisation by chelating diphosphine ligands. The diborenes are prepared by a convenient one-pot reductive procedure that circumvents the need for a pre-formed base-adduct of the boron-containing precursor.

Platinum trans-Bis(borirene) complexes displaying coplanarity and communication across a platinum metal center.

Ambient-temperature photolysis of the aminoborylene complex [(OC)5 Cr=B=N(SiMe3 )2 ] in the presence of a series of trans-bis(alkynyl)platinum(II) precursors of the type trans-[Pt(CCAr)2 (PEt3 )2 ] (Ar=Ph, p-C6 H4 OMe, and p-C6 H4 CF3 ) successfully leads to twofold transfer of the borylene moiety [:B=N(SiMe3 )2 ] onto the alkyne functionalities. The alkynyl precursors and resultant bis(borirene)platinum(II) complexes formed are of the type trans-[Pt(B{=N(SiMe3 )2 }C=CAr)2 (PEt3 )2 ] (Ar=Ph, p-C6 H4 OMe, and p-C6 H4 CF3 ). These species have all been successfully characterized by NMR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction has verified that these trans-bis(borirene)platinum(II) complexes display coplanarity between the twin three-membered rings across the platinum core in the solid state and stand as the first examples of coplanar conformations of twin borirene systems. These complexes were modeled using density functional theory (DFT), providing information helpful in determining the ability of the transition metal core to interact with each individual borirene ring system and allowing for the observed coplanarity of these rings in the solid state. This proposed transition metal interaction with the twin borirene systems is manifested in the electronic characterization of these borirene species, which display divergent photophysical UV/Vis spectroscopic profiles compared to a previously published mono(borirene)platinum(II) complex.

Synthesis, coordination behavior, and reduction chemistry of cymantrenyl-1,3-bis(2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl)borole.

We describe the synthesis of base-free bisborole [Cym(†)(BC(4)Ph(4))(2)]-Cym(†)=(OC)(3)Mn(η(5)-C(5)H(3))-and its transformation into two fully characterized Lewis acid-base adducts with pyridine bases of the type 4-R-NC(5)H(4) (R=tBu, NMe(2)). The results of electrochemical, as well as NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic studies on [Cym(†)(BC(4 Ph(4))(2)] and the related monoborole derivative [Cym(BC(4)Ph(4))]-Cym=(OC)(3)Mn(η(5)-C(5) H(4))-provided conclusive evidence for 1) the enhanced Lewis acidity of the two boron centers that result from conjugation of two borole fragments, and 2) the fact that Mn-B bonding interactions between the Lewis acidic borole moieties and the Mn center are considerably less pronounced for bisborole [Cym(†)(BC(4)Ph(4))(2)]. In addition, the reduction chemistry of [Cym(†)(BC(4)Ph(4))(2)] has been studied in detail, both electrochemically and chemically. Accordingly, chemical reduction of [Cym(†)(BC(4)Ph(4))(2)] with magnesium anthracene afforded the corresponding tetraanion, which features a rare Mg-OC bonding mode in the solid state.