ABSTRACT
The reverse shock index (rSI), a ratio of systolic blood pressure (SBP) to heart rate (HR), is used to identify prognosis in trauma patients. Multiplying rSI by Glasgow Coma Scale (rSIG) can possibly predict better in-hospital mortality in patients with trauma. However, rSIG has never been used to evaluate the mortality risk in adult severe trauma patients (Injury Severity Score [ISS] ≥ 16) with head injury (head Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] ≥ 2) in the emergency department (ED). This retrospective case control study recruited adult severe trauma patients (ISS ≥ 16) with head injury (head AIS ≥ 2) who presented to the ED of two major trauma centers between January 01, 2014 and May 31, 2017. Demographic data, vital signs, ISS scores, injury mechanisms, laboratory data, managements, and outcomes were included for the analysis. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used to evaluate the accuracy of rSIG score in predicting in-hospital mortality. In total, 438 patients (mean age: 56.48 years; 68.5% were males) were included in this study. In-hospital mortality occurred in 24.7% patients. The median (interquartile range) ISS score was 20 (17-26). Patients with rSIG ≤ 14 had seven-fold increased risks of mortality than those without rSIG ≤ 14 (odds ratio: 7.64; 95% confidence interval: 4.69-12.42). Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and area under the curve values for rSIG score were 0.29 and 0.76, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values of rSIG ≤ 14 were 0.71, 0.75, 0.49, and 0.89, respectively. The rSIG score is a prompt and simple tool to predict in-hospital mortality among adult severe trauma patients with head injury.
Subject(s)
Craniocerebral Trauma/mortality , Glasgow Coma Scale , Severity of Illness Index , Wounds and Injuries/mortality , Abbreviated Injury Scale , Blood Pressure , Case-Control Studies , Craniocerebral Trauma/diagnosis , Female , Glasgow Coma Scale/statistics & numerical data , Heart Rate , Humans , Injury Severity Score , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , ROC Curve , Retrospective Studies , Shock/diagnosis , Shock/pathology , Survival Analysis , Wounds and Injuries/diagnosisABSTRACT
Patients presenting to the emergency department with hypothermia are rare and often require prompt diagnosis and management. Myxedema coma, which may cause severe hypothermia, is a true endocrine emergency requiring early and appropriate treatment. We report on a 47-year-old woman with a history of hyperthyroidism who underwent thyroidectomy 5 years previously, with no regular medication or examinations. She presented to the emergency department with a 1-month history of progressive dyspnea associated with general weakness. She also showed hypothermia, decreased mental status, and general edema. Echocardiography revealed increased pericardial effusion without tamponade. Laboratory examination suggested myxedema coma and hypothyroidism. She received thyroxine, glucocorticoid supplement, and intensive supportive care, after which she gradually improved and was discharged. This case suggests that myxedema coma should be considered in patients with hypothyroidism or a history of thyroidectomy who present with change in consciousness, hypothermia, or other symptoms related to critical or slow presentation in multiple organs. Moreover, long-standing hypothyroidism or precipitating acute events such as sepsis, cerebrovascular accidents, gastrointestinal bleeding, cold exposure, trauma, and some medications may also cause myxedema coma. Myxedema coma is associated with a high mortality, and patients suspected to be suffering from this condition should be treated without delay.
