Determining Unmet Needs Among Workers' Compensation Stakeholders to Prevent Work Disability in the State of Vermont.

PURPOSE: Vermont has high rates of young people receiving federal disability benefits leading to substantial gaps in the workforce. The purpose of this project was to determine the unmet needs of interested parties in the workers' compensation (WC) process. METHODS: A type of focus group, experience groups, was used to elicit key parties' experiences in the WC system. Facilitators used open-ended prompts to encourage discussion among participants about their experience with the WC system. Data were analyzed using thematic coding procedures to identify common motifs. RESULTS: Common themes emerged including challenges in navigating the WC system, lack of communication among stakeholders, and providing and receiving appropriate health care to facilitate RTW. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding unmet needs of interested parties in the WC process allows for the creation of targeted, high-value, early intervention strategies to reduce long-term work disability.

Patient gender does not influence referral to an orthopaedic surgeon by advanced practice orthopaedic providers: a prospective observational study in Canada.

BACKGROUND: The role of an advanced practice physiotherapist has been introduced in many countries to improve access to care for patients with hip and knee arthritis. Traditional models of care have shown a gender bias, with women less often referred and recommended for surgery than men. This study sought to understand if patient gender affects access to care in the clinical encounter with the advanced practice provider. Our objectives were: (1) To determine if a gender difference exists in the clinical decision to offer a consultation with a surgeon; (2) To determine if a gender difference exists in patients' decisions to accept a consultation with a surgeon among those patients to whom it is offered; and, (3) To describe patients' reasons for not accepting a consultation with a surgeon. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 815 patients presenting to a tertiary care centre for assessment of hip and knee arthritis, with referral onward to an orthopaedic surgeon when indicated. We performed a multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for severity to address the first objective and a simple logistic regression analysis to answer the second objective. Reasons for not accepting a surgical consultation were obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS: Eight hundred and fifteen patients (511 women, 304 men) fulfilled study eligibility criteria. There was no difference in the probability of being referred to a surgeon for men and women (difference adjusted for severity = - 0.02, 95% CI: - 0.07, 0.02). Neither was there a difference in the acceptance of a referral for men and women (difference = - 0.05, 95% CI: - 0.09, 0.00). Of the 14 reasons for declining a surgical consultation, 5 showed a difference with more women than men indicating a preference for non-surgical treatment along with fears/concerns about surgery. CONCLUSIONS: There is no strong evidence to suggest there is a difference in proportion of males and females proceeding to surgical consultation in the model of care that utilizes advanced practice orthopaedic providers in triage. This study adds to the evidence that supports the use of suitably trained alternate providers in roles that reduce wait times to care and add value in contexts where health human resources are limited. The care model is a viable strategy to assist in managing the growing backlog in orthopaedic care, recently exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Psychometric Properties of the OSPRO-YF Screening Tool in Patients with Shoulder Pathology.

Purpose: The Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome Yellow Flag (OSPRO-YF) is a screening tool that incorporates many important psychosocial domains into one questionnaire to reduce the burden of completing multiple questionnaires. The objectives of this study were to examine the reliability and validity of the 10-item version of the OSPRO-YF with patients with shoulder conditions. Method: The study group consisted of injured workers with an active compensation claim for a shoulder injury. The control group consisted of patients with a complaint of shoulder pain but without a work-related shoulder injury. We examined reliability (internal consistency, test-retest) and validity (factorial, convergent, known groups). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; the Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand; and the short Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire were used for comparison. Results: Eighty patients had an active compensation claim, and 160 were in the control group. The intra-class correlation coefficient values for two observations of the domain scores varied from 0.91 to 0.94. The test-retest reliability of the dichotomous constructs was moderate to perfect for 8 of 11 constructs. The 10-item OSPRO-YF questionnaire had three distinct domains, as conceptualized by the developers: mood, fear avoidance, and positive affect-coping. The Cronbach's a coefficients for these domains were 0.88, 0.94, and 0.94, respectively. The associations between the psychological constructs and domains and the similar theoretically derived scales were moderate to high and in the expected direction. Of the 11 constructs of the OSPRO-YF, 10 differentiated between patients with and without a work-related injury (p-values ranging from 0.028 to < 0.001). Conclusions: The 10-item OSPRO-YF reduces the burden of using multiple questionnaires and has acceptable test-retest and internal consistency reliability and factorial, convergent, and known-groups validity.

Objectif : l'Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome Yellow Flag (OSPRO­YF) est un outil de dépistage qui regroupe plusieurs volets psychosociaux importants dans un seul questionnaire pour réduire le désagrément de remplir de multiples questionnaires. La présente étude visait à examiner la fiabilité et la validité de la version en dix questions de l'OSPRO­YF chez les patients ayant des problèmes d'épaule. Méthodologie : le groupe d'étude se composait de travailleurs ayant une réclamation d'indemnisation active à cause d'une blessure à l'épaule. Le groupe témoin incluait des patients qui se plaignaient de douleur à l'épaule, mais d'origine non professionnelle. Les chercheurs ont examiné la fiabilité (cohérence interne, test­retest) et la validité (factorielle, convergente et groupes connus) de l'outil. L'échelle d'anxiété et de dépression à l'hôpital, le questionnaire rapide des incapacités du bras, de l'épaule et de la main et le questionnaire court de dépistage de la douleur musculosquelettique Örebro ont été utilisés à des fins comparatives. Résultats : au total, 80 patients avaient une réclamation d'indemnisation active et 160 faisaient partie du groupe témoin. Les valeurs du coefficient de corrélation intraclasse de deux observations se situaient entre 0,91 et 0,94. La fiabilité test­retest des construits dichotomiques était de modérée à parfaite pour huit des 11 construits. Le questionnaire OSPRO­YF en dix questions se divisait en trois volets distincts conceptualisés par les développeurs : humeur, évitement de la peur et affect positif ou adaptation. Les coefficients alpha de Cronbach de ces volets s'établissaient à 0,88, 0,94 et 0,94, respectivement. Les associations entre les construits psychologiques, les volets et les échelles semblables dérivées théoriquement étaient modérées à élevées et se situaient dans l'orientation prévue. Dix des 11 construits du questionnaire OSPRO­YF pouvaient distinguer les patients ayant ou non une blessure professionnelle (valeurs p entre 0,028 et < 0,001). Conclusions : l'OSPRO­YF en dix questions réduit le désagrément lié à l'utilisation de multiples questionnaires et présente une fiabilité test­retest et une cohérence interne acceptables, de même qu'une fiabilité factorielle, convergente et de groupe connu.

MicroRNA sequencing of rat hippocampus and human biofluids identifies acute, chronic, focal and diffuse traumatic brain injuries.

High-throughput sequencing technologies could improve diagnosis and classification of TBI subgroups. Because recent studies showed that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may serve as noninvasive markers of TBI, we performed miRNA-seq to study TBI-induced changes in rat hippocampal miRNAs up to one year post-injury. We used miRNA PCR arrays to interrogate differences in serum miRNAs using two rat models of TBI (controlled cortical impact [CCI] and fluid percussion injury [FPI]). The translational potential of our results was evaluated by miRNA-seq analysis of human control and TBI (acute and chronic) serum samples. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, miRDB, and Qlucore Omics Explorer. Rat miRNA profiles identified TBI across all acute and chronic intervals. Rat CCI and FPI displayed distinct serum miRNA profiles. Human miRNA profiles identified TBI across all acute and chronic time points and, at 24 hours, discriminated between focal and diffuse injuries. In both species, predicted gene targets of differentially expressed miRNAs are involved in neuroplasticity, immune function and neurorestoration. Chronically dysregulated miRNAs (miR-451a, miR-30d-5p, miR-145-5p, miR-204-5p) are linked to psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. These data suggest that circulating miRNAs in biofluids can be used as "molecular fingerprints" to identify acute, chronic, focal or diffuse TBI and potentially, presence of neurodegenerative sequelae.

Diagnostic Value of Acromiohumeral Distance in Rotator Cuff Pathology: Implications for Advanced-Practice Physiotherapists.

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the inter-tester reliability and criterion validity of reduced acromiohumeral distance (AHD; <6 mm) visualized on plain radiographs in detecting rotator cuff (RC) pathology. The secondary objective was to examine the relationship between this radiographic feature and patient demographics and clinical examination. Method: This was a diagnostic study of patients seen in a tertiary care centre. Two advanced-practice physiotherapists measured AHD in two radiographic views. MRI was used as the gold standard. Results: A total of 150 consecutive patients (mean age 59 [SD 11] y, 57 women, 93 men) were included. AHD less than 6 millimetres was highly specific in both views for the presence of tear (99%), tear size (96%-98%), and fatty infiltration in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles (93%-96%). The absence of AHD less than 6 millimetres was associated with a lack of advanced fatty infiltration in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles (92%-100%). Sensitivity values were low for the presence and size of RC tear (21%-55%). We found a statistically significant positive association between the AHD categories and clinically observed muscle wasting and weakness of the RC muscles (p < 0.05). Conclusions: AHD less than 6 millimetres was reliably measured in plain radiographs and was strongly associated with important clinical and imaging features of advanced RC pathology; this may assist with clinical decision making by allowing judicious use of more costly investigations and referral for surgery.

Objectif : la présente étude avait comme objectif primaire d'examiner la fiabilité interévaluateur et la validité critérielle d'un intervalle acromio-huméral réduit (IAH < 6 mm) observé à la radiographie simple pour déceler une pathologie de la coiffe des rotateurs (CR). Son objectif secondaire consistait à examiner la relation entre cette caractéristique radiographique, la démographie des patients et l'examen clinique. Méthodologie : étude diagnostique de patients vus dans un centre de soins tertiaires. Deux physiothérapeutes en pratique avancée ont mesuré l'IAH sur deux vues radiographiques. L'imagerie par résonance magnétique servait de norme de référence. Résultats : au total, 150 patients consécutifs (âge moyen de 59 ans [ÉT 11], 57 femmes, 93 hommes) ont été inclus dans l'étude. Dans les deux vues radiographiques, l'IAH inférieur à 6 mm était hautement spécifique de la présence d'une déchirure (99 %), de la dimension de la déchirure (96 % à 98 %) et d'une infiltration graisseuse dans les muscles supra-épineux et infra-épineux (93 % à 96 %). L'absence d'IAH inférieur à 6 mm s'associait à l'absence d'infiltration graisseuse avancée dans les muscles supra-épineux et infra-épineux (92 % à 100 %). Les valeurs de sensibilité étaient faibles pour ce qui est de la présence et de la dimension d'une déchirure de la CR (21 % à 55 %). On constatait une association statistiquement significative entre les catégories d'IAH et une observation clinique d'amyotrophie et de faiblesse musculaire de la CR (p < 0,05). Conclusion : l'IAH inférieur à 6 mm était mesuré en toute fiabilité sur des radiographies simples et s'associait fortement à des caractéristiques de pathologie avancée de la CR, tant sur le plan de la clinique que de l'imagerie. Ces constatations pourraient contribuer aux prises de décision en favorisant l'utilisation judicieuse d'explorations plus coûteuses et de l'orientation en chirurgie.

Reduced acromiohumeral distance and increased critical shoulder angle: implications for primary care clinicians.

Objectives: The literature indicates that reduced acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and increased critical shoulder angle (CSA) are associated with large and massive rotator cuff (RC) tears which may not be amenable to a successful repair. The purpose of this study was to examine the overall accuracy of these two radiographic features in diagnosing significant RC pathology. Methods: This was a diagnostic study of patients with shoulder pain. To examine the overall accuracy of the measurements, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (AUC) were calculated. The validity indices (sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios) examined the predictive value of specific cutoff categories of AHD<6 mm and the CSA >35°. Results: Data of 200 consecutive patients; mean age: 59(11), 117 males were used for analysis. There was a weak inverse correlation (r = 0.46) between the AHD and CSA. The AUCs for presence and size of RC tear and different stages of fatty infiltration of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles varied from fair to excellent for AHD and poor to good for CSA. Specificity was high for the cutoff categories of both AHD and CSA (>90%). The positive LRs were large for AHD and small to moderate for CSA. Conclusion: The AHD and CSA were reliably measured in the true AP radiographic view. Both radiographic features (AHD<6mm and CSA>35°) were able to confirm the presence of a major RC pathology. However, the AHD<6 mm, an acquired radiologic abnormality secondary to failure of the RC muscles/tendons had better measurement properties. This information is of value to primary care physicians, sports medicine specialists and advanced practice physiotherapists in their clinical decision making.

myHip&Knee: Improving Patient Engagement and Self-Management Through Mobile Technology.

Given the increasing volume of hip and knee replacement surgery with reduced hospital stays and resources, we explored technology to address gaps in patient care and enhance self-management. The team at the Holland Orthopaedic and Arthritic Centre of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, which performs a high volume of joint replacement surgery, partnered with patients and a health technology company to create a mobile app: myHip&Knee. The results to date demonstrate that the app improves patient experience and reduces follow-up calls to surgeons' offices, ultimately reducing demand on healthcare resources. Early engagement of privacy and legal services, close patient and family collaboration and a well-developed evaluation strategy represent critical steps to successful development.

Confounding pain and function: the WOMAC's failure to accurately predict lower extremity function.

BACKGROUND: Investigations have revealed the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index's (WOMAC) inability to provide distinct assessments of pain and function. The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) has not displayed this deficiency. Our purposes were to investigate further the WOMAC physical function's (WOMAC-PF) ability to accurately assess lower extremity mobility in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to establish a relationship between pre- and post-TKA WOMAC-PF and LEFS scores that accounts for the apparent bias WOMAC pain scores impose on WOMAC-PF scores. METHODS: WOMAC, LEFS, and Timed-up-and-go measures were administered before TKA and 4 days, 6 weeks, and 3 months after TKA. To evaluate the WOMAC-PF and LEFS ability to provide a distinct assessment of pain and function, a paired t-test compared pre-TKA and 4 days after TKA values. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis assessed the relationship between pre- and post-TKA values: dependent variable WOMAC-PF scores; independent variables LEFS scores, and measurement occasions. RESULTS: Timed-up-and-go and LEFS demonstrated a reduction in lower extremity function (P < .001); pain decreased (P < .001); and there was no significant change in WOMAC-PF scores (P = .61). GEE analysis revealed a linear relationship between WOMAC-PF and LEFS with similar slope coefficients for all four occasions. The relationship between WOMAC-PF and LEFS scores was virtually identical for the postarthroplasty assessment occasions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support previous investigations that showed the WOMAC-PF's inability to provide a valid assessment in change in function. The GEE analysis coefficients can be used to convert LEFS scores to WOMAC-PF scores that adjust for the bias between pre- and post-TKA assessments.

A qualitative study of patient education needs for hip and knee replacement.

BACKGROUND: Quality health information is key to patient engagement, self-management and an enhanced healthcare experience. There is strong evidence to support involving patients and their families in the development and evaluation of health-related educational material. These factors were the impetus for our high volume joint replacement centre to undertake a qualitative study to elicit patient experiences to inform the development of effective strategies and education along the care continuum for hip and knee replacement. METHODS: Purposively selected patients from postoperative follow-up clinics were recruited to participate in a focus group or telephone interview. We developed a semi-structured interview guide that addressed four specific aspects of the patient's experience with educational material: pre-surgery, hospital stay, recovery period and future recommendations. The focus groups and interviews continued to the point of saturation and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interview transcripts were coded and then inductively organized into larger categories using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Six focus groups and seven telephone interviews were conducted, totalling 32 participants. One of the key themes that emerged was a need for more education concerning pain management post-operatively; specifically, patients wanted more information on expected levels of pain, pain medication usage, management of side effects and guidelines for weaning off the medication. There was surprising variability in patients' descriptions of their pre-surgery, surgery and recovery experiences. These corresponded to an equally diverse range of preferences for educational content, delivery and timing. Many patients reported using the web while others preferred traditional formats for information delivery. There was some interest in receiving education using mobile technology. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings validate the importance of multi-modal patient education tailored to individual preferences and experiences, which may differ according to such characteristics as gender and age. The gap in pain management information is a critical finding for healthcare providers working with patients undergoing joint replacement. Developing pain management education in different formats that addresses frequently asked questions will enhance patient engagement and, their overall experience and recovery.

Evaluation of an advanced-practice physiotherapist in triaging patients with lumbar spine pain: surgeon-physiotherapist level of agreement and patient satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: Surgery for lumbar spine pain is indicated for specific etiologies. Given the majority of individuals referred to spine surgeons are not surgical candidates, care delivery is inefficient, with consultations being of limited value for most. Using specially trained physiotherapists in triage is a human resource strategy that may optimize surgeons' time and the patient experience. METHODS: An advanced-practice physiotherapist (APP) and a surgeon assessed consecutive patients with lumbar spine pain presenting at an academic health centre's spine surgery clinic. The second assessor was blinded to the outcome of the first. We used the κ statistic to evaluate surgeon-APP level of chance-corrected agreement concerning patients' need for a surgical consultation. To assess satisfaction with the APP, patients completed a modified version of the validated Visit-specific Questionnaire. RESULTS: The sample included 102 participants (54 women) with a mean age of 54.3 ± 14.3 years and a mean Oswestry Disability Index score of 35.4 ± 16.6. The assessors' overall agreement was 86%. The κ coefficient for the need for a surgical consultation was 0.69 (95% confidence interval 0.54-0.84). The APP identified that 77% of patients did not require a surgical consultation. Twenty-one patients underwent surgery. Satisfaction scores for the APP were very high (mean score 92 out of 100). CONCLUSION: In triaging patients with lumbar spine pain, the APP and surgeon had a high level of agreement. An APP performing triage at a surgical centre can effectively reduce wait lists by 70%, reserving surgical consultations for those patients in whom they are indicated.

CONTEXTE: La chirurgie pour douleur lombaire est indiquée pour certaines étiologies spécifiques. Étant donné que la majorité des patients adressés à des orthopédistes spécialistes de la colonne vertébrale ne sont pas candidats à la chirurgie, la prestation des soins s'en trouve inefficiente, les consultations se révélant pour la plupart d'une utilité restreinte. Le recours à des physiothérapeutes spécialement formés à l'étape du triage est une stratégie axée sur les ressources humaines qui pourrait libérer les chirurgiens et améliorer l'expérience des patients. MÉTHODES: Un chirurgien et un physiothérapeute ayant suivi une formation avancée (FA) ont évalué des patients consécutifs atteints de douleur lombaire à la clinique de chirurgie pour la colonne vertébrale d'un centre hospitalier universitaire. Le deuxième examinateur n'était pas au courant de l'évaluation du premier. Nous avons utilisé la statistique κ pour évaluer le degré de concordance corrigée pour tenir compte de la concordance due au hasard entre chirurgien et physiothérapeute (FA) quant à la nécessité de faire voir le patient en chirurgie. Pour évaluer leur satisfaction à l'endroit du physiothérapeute (FA), on a administré aux patients une version modifiée du questionnaire VSQ-9 (validé et spécifique à une visite donnée). RÉSULTATS: L'échantillon incluait 102 participants (54 femmes) âgés en moyenne 54,3 ± 14,3 ans et ayant un score de 35,4 ± 16,6 au questionnaire Oswestry sur l'incapacité. La concordance globale entre les évaluateurs a été de 86 %. Le coefficient κ pour ce qui est de la nécessité d'une consultation en chirurgie a été de 0,69 (intervalle de confiance de 95 %, 0,54-0,84). Le physiothérapeute (FA) a jugé que 77 % des patients n'avaient pas besoin d'une consultation en chirurgie. Vingt et un patients ont subi une chirurgie. Les scores de satisfaction à l'endroit du physiothérapeute (FA) ont été très élevés (score moyen 92 sur 100). CONCLUSION: Au moment du triage des patients atteints de douleurs lombaires, les évaluations du physiothérapeute (FA) et du chirurgien ont étroitement concordé. Un physiothérapeute (FA) effectuant le triage dans un centre chirurgical peut efficacement réduire les listes d'attente de 70 %, en limitant les consultations en chirurgie aux patients chez qui elles sont indiquées.

Impact of Radiographic Imaging of the Shoulder Joint on Patient Management: An Advanced-Practice Physical Therapist's Approach.

Purpose: Recent care innovations using advanced-practice physical therapists (APPs) as alternative health care providers are promising. However, information related to the clinical decision making of APPs is limited with respect to ordering shoulder-imaging investigations and the impact of these investigations on patient management. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to explore the clinical decision making of the APP providing care in a shoulder clinic by examining the relationship between clinical examination findings and reasons for ordering imaging investigations and (2) to examine the impact on patient management of ordered investigations such as plain radiographs, ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance arthrogram (MRA). Method: This was a prospective study of consecutive patients with shoulder complaints. Results: A total of 300 patients were seen over a period of 12 months. Plain radiographs were ordered for 241 patients (80%); 39 (13%) received MRI, 27 (9%) US, and 7 (2%) MRA. There was a relationship between clinical examination findings and ordering plain radiographs and US (ps=0.047 to <0.0001). Plain radiographs ordered to examine the biomechanics of the glenohumeral joint affected management (χ2 1=8.66, p=0.003). Finding a new diagnosis was strongly correlated with change in management for all imaging investigations (ps=0.001 to <0.0001). Conclusion: Skilled, extended-role physical therapists rely on history and clinical examination without overusing costly imaging. The most important indicator of change in management was finding a new diagnosis, regardless of the type of investigation ordered.

Objectif : innovation récente, la prestation de certains actes autrefois réservés aux chirurgiens orthopédistes par les physiothérapeutes en pratique avancée (PPA) est prometteuse. Cependant, on en connaît peu sur le lien entre la prise de décision clinique des PPA et les demandes de tests d'imagerie de l'épaule, ainsi que sur l'influence de ces tests sur la prise en charge des patients. Cette étude avait deux objectifs : 1) étudier la prise de décision clinique de PPA exerçant dans une clinique de l'épaule en examinant la relation entre les résultats de l'examen clinique et les motifs des demandes de tests d'imagerie et 2) examiner l'influence des tests demandés sur la prise en charge du patient, par exemple les radiographies simples, les échographies, les imageries par résonance magnétique (IRM) et les arthrographies par résonance magnétique (ARM). Méthodologie : cette étude prospective a été menée auprès de patients consécutifs se plaignant de problèmes à l'épaule. Résultats : au total, 300 patients ont été pris en charge sur une période de 12 mois. On a demandé des radiographies simples pour 241 patients (80 %), dont 39 (13 %) ont subi une IRM, 27 (9 %) une échographie et 7 (2 %) une ARM. On a observé un lien entre les résultats de l'examen clinique et la demande de radiographies simples et d'échographies (valeurs ps de 0,047 à <0,0001). Les radiographies simples demandées pour examiner la biomécanique de l'articulation scapulo-humérale ont eu une influence sur la prise en charge (χ2 1=8,66, p=0,003). La pose d'un nouveau diagnostic a été fortement corrélée à un changement de la prise en charge pour tous les tests d'imagerie (valeurs ps de 0,001 à <0,0001). Conclusion : les physiothérapeutes compétents ayant un champ de pratique élargi se fient à l'historique du patient et aux examens cliniques sans abuser des tests d'imagerie coûteux. L'indicateur de changement le plus important dans la prise en charge a été la pose d'un nouveau diagnostic, peu importe le type de test demandé.

Folic acid supplementation for pregnant women and those planning pregnancy: 2015 update.

During the last decade critical new information has been published pertaining to folic acid supplementation in the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) and other folic acid-sensitive congenital malformations. These new data have important implications for women, their families, and health care professionals. We performed a review looking for the optimal dosage of folic acid that should be given to women of reproductive age who are planning or not avoiding conception to propose updated guidelines and thus help health care providers and patients. In addition to fortification of dietary staples with folic acid, women of reproductive age should supplement before conception with 0.4-1.0 mg of folic acid daily as part of their multivitamins. In the United States all enriched rice is also fortified with folic acid at 0.7 mg per pound of raw rice. However, this is not the case in many countries, and it has been estimated that only 1% of industrially milled rice is fortified with folic acid. In countries where rice is the main staple (eg, China), this does not allow effective folate fortification. Whereas the incidence of NTDs is around 1/1000 in the United States, it is 3- to 5-fold higher in Northern China and 3-fold higher in India. A recent population-based US study estimated that the reduction in NTD rates by folic acid is more modest than previously predicted. The potential of NTD prevention by folic acid is underutilized due to low adherence with folic acid supplementation, and calls for revising the policy of supplementation have been raised. We identified groups of women of reproductive age who may benefit from higher daily doses of folic acid, and this should be considered in current practice. These include women who have had previous pregnancies with NTDs, those who did not plan their pregnancy and hence did not supplement, and women with low intake or impaired adherence to daily folic acid supplementation. In addition, women with known genetic variations in the folate metabolic cycle, those exposed to medications with antifolate effects, smokers, diabetics, and the obese may benefit from higher doses of folic acid daily during the first trimester.

Quality-based procedures in Ontario: exploring health-care leaders' responses.

AIM: To examine health-care leaders' initial response to the implementation of orthopaedic quality based procedures (QBPs) in hospitals across Ontario, Canada. BACKGROUND: In 2012, Ontario, Canada shifted 91 hospitals to a patient-based funding (PBF) approach. This approach funds health-care organisations based on the number of patients treated with select procedures known as QBPs. METHODS: An exploratory descriptive design was employed to better understand health-care leaders' early implementation experiences. Seventy organisational leaders from 20 hospitals participated in six focus groups and four interviews to discuss their initial responses to the implementation of two QBPs (primary unilateral hip replacement and primary unilateral knee replacement). Qualitative data underwent content analysis. FINDINGS: Three key major themes emerged; (1) responding to change, (2) leading the change and (3) managing the change. Within each of these themes, barriers and benefits were identified. CONCLUSION: Leaders are accepting of PBF and QBPs. However, challenges exist that require further exploration including the need for a strong infrastructure, accurate and timely clinical and financial data, and policies to prevent unintended consequences. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Implementing QBPs requires careful planning, adequate and appropriate resources, vertical and horizontal communication strategies, and policies to ensure that unintended consequences are avoided and positive outcomes achieved.

Complementary medical health services: a cross sectional descriptive analysis of a Canadian naturopathic teaching clinic.

BACKGROUND: Historically, alongside regulatory and jurisdictional differences in scope of practices, practice patterns of naturopathic doctors (NDs) have varied widely to promote holistic or whole-person treatment using a variety of therapies including: controlled substances, minor surgery, a variety of complementary therapies, as well as both novel and conventional assessments. However, little is known about the observed practice patterns of NDs, the services provided to their patients, or the type of conditions for which patients of NDs are seeking treatment. In order to address this gap, a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of the largest Canadian teaching clinic for NDs was undertaken to better understand the services provided to the community and increase the knowledge regarding the use of naturopathic medicine. METHODS: Data stemmed from two sources at the Toronto, Ontario clinic: a passive patient satisfaction survey, and the clinic's point-of-sale (POS) system. Data included patient demographics, postal codes, health services utilization, ICD-10 codes, therapies employed, along with other data relating to the financial transactions associated with the visit. Simple descriptive statistics and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare different age-based groups and examine health services use between years. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine. RESULTS: 13,412 patients were treated in 76,386 patient visits spanning three clinic years. Median age of patients was 37; females outnumbered males (2.6:1) in all age-based groups except the pediatric population. In the patient satisfaction survey, there were 1552 potential survey respondents; with 118 responses received (response rate: 7.6%). Obtaining health education, health prevention and help with chronic health conditions were the primary motivators for patient visits identified in the patient survey. CONCLUSION: The clinic attracts people from a wide area in the metropolitan Toronto and surrounding region with health concerns and diagnoses that are consistent with primary care, providing health education and addressing acute and chronic health conditions. Further explorations into health services delivery from the broader naturopathic or other complementary/alternative medical professions would provide greater context to these findings and expand understanding of the patients and type of care being provided by these health professionals.

Polysaccharide K and Coriolus versicolor extracts for lung cancer: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Polysaccharide K, also known as PSK or Krestin, is derived from the Coriolus versicolor mushroom and is widely used in Japan as an adjuvant immunotherapy for a variety of cancer including lung cancer. Despite reported benefits, there has been no English language synthesis of PSK for lung cancer. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review of PSK for the treatment of lung cancer. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, AltHealth Watch, and the Library of Science and Technology from inception to August 2014 for clinical and preclinical evidence pertaining to the safety and efficacy of PSK or other Coriolus versicolor extracts for lung cancer. RESULTS: Thirty-one reports of 28 studies were included for full review and analysis. Six studies were randomized controlled trials, 5 were nonrandomized controlled trials, and 17 were preclinical studies. Nine of the reports were Japanese language publications. Fifteen of 17 preclinical studies supported anticancer effects for PSK through immunomodulation and potentiation of immune surveillance, as well as through direct tumor inhibiting actions in vivo that resulted in reduced tumor growth and antimetastatic effects. Nonrandomized controlled trials showed improvement of various survival measures including median survival and 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival. Randomized controlled trials showed benefits on a range of endpoints, including immune parameters and hematological function, performance status and body weight, tumor-related symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, as well as survival. Although there were conflicting results for impact on some of the tumor-related symptoms and median survival, overall most randomized controlled trials supported a positive impact for PSK on these endpoints. PSK was safely administered following and in conjunction with standard radiation and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: PSK may improve immune function, reduce tumor-associated symptoms, and extend survival in lung cancer patients. Larger, more rigorous randomized controlled trials for PSK in lung cancer patients are warranted.

The Group Experience: Remodelling Outpatient Physiotherapy after Knee Replacement Surgery.

UNLABELLED: Purpose : To estimate responses to short-duration (4-6 weeks) group-based physiotherapy after knee replacement in terms of pain, function, and satisfaction. METHOD: The study used a prospective, observational design. A total of 169 participants (111 women, 58 men) were consecutively recruited to attend a twice-weekly post-operative knee replacement class focused on mobility, strength, balance, and functional retraining. Changes in pain, function, and satisfaction were measured using the P4 pain intensity measure, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), a timed stair test (TST), knee range of motion (ROM), the Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), and the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). Using Stata version 12.1, the data were summarized descriptively, and change scores were calculated with 95% CIs. Results : On average, participants were discharged within 11 classes, having achieved their treatment goals. More than 77% exceeded the minimal detectable change at the 90% confidence level (MDC90) on the LEFS, TST, PSFS, and ROM assessments. The mean CSQ-8 score at discharge was 31.8 (SD 1.46); 66.7% recorded a perfect score of 32. Conclusions : Patients attending a short group-based outpatient knee replacement class demonstrated significant improvements in pain and lower extremity function and were highly satisfied with their physiotherapy treatment.

Objectif : Estimer la réaction des patients à un traitement de physiothérapie en groupe de courte durée (de 4 à 6 semaines) à la suite d'une arthroplastie du genou en ce qui concerne la douleur, la fonction et la satisfaction. Méthode : L'étude a utilisé un concept prospectif d'observation. Au total, 169 patients (111 femmes) ayant subi une arthroplastie du genou ont été recrutés de façon consécutive pour assister deux fois par semaine à un cours axé sur la mobilité, la force, l'équilibre et le recyclage fonctionnel. Les changements relatifs à la douleur, à la fonction et à la satisfaction ont été mesurés à l'aide du questionnaire sur l'intensité de la douleur (P4), de l'échelle fonctionnelle des membres inférieurs (EFMI), d'un test de l'escalier chronométré (TEC), d'une mesure de l'amplitude des mouvements (ADM) du genou, de l'échelle fonctionnelle spécifique au client (EFSC) et du questionnaire de satisfaction de la clientèle (CSQ-8). À l'aide de STATA 12.1, les données ont été résumées de façon descriptive et les valeurs numériques des changements ont été calculées avec des intervalles de confiance de 95%. Résultats : En moyenne, les patients ont obtenu leur congé en 11 séances ou moins, leurs objectifs de traitement ayant été atteints. Plus de 77% des participants ont dépassé le seuil de changement détectable à un niveau de confiance de 90% (CDM90) pour les évaluations de l'EFMI, du TEC, de l'EFSC et de l'ADM. La note moyenne au CSQ-8 à l'obtention du congé était de 31,8 (ET 1,46); une note parfaite de 32 a été obtenue dans 66,7% des cas. Conclusions : Les patients ayant participé à un cours de courte durée en service externe après une arthroplastie du genou ont affiché une nette amélioration en ce qui concerne la douleur et la fonction des extrémités inférieures et se sont montrés très satisfaits de leur traitement de physiothérapie.

The neocortex of cetartiodactyls. II. Neuronal morphology of the visual and motor cortices in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).

The present quantitative study extends our investigation of cetartiodactyls by exploring the neuronal morphology in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) neocortex. Here, we investigate giraffe primary visual and motor cortices from perfusion-fixed brains of three subadults stained with a modified rapid Golgi technique. Neurons (n = 244) were quantified on a computer-assisted microscopy system. Qualitatively, the giraffe neocortex contained an array of complex spiny neurons that included both "typical" pyramidal neuron morphology and "atypical" spiny neurons in terms of morphology and/or orientation. In general, the neocortex exhibited a vertical columnar organization of apical dendrites. Although there was no significant quantitative difference in dendritic complexity for pyramidal neurons between primary visual (n = 78) and motor cortices (n = 65), there was a significant difference in dendritic spine density (motor cortex > visual cortex). The morphology of aspiny neurons in giraffes appeared to be similar to that of other eutherian mammals. For cross-species comparison of neuron morphology, giraffe pyramidal neurons were compared to those quantified with the same methodology in African elephants and some cetaceans (e.g., bottlenose dolphin, minke whale, humpback whale). Across species, the giraffe (and cetaceans) exhibited less widely bifurcating apical dendrites compared to elephants. Quantitative dendritic measures revealed that the elephant and humpback whale had more extensive dendrites than giraffes, whereas the minke whale and bottlenose dolphin had less extensive dendritic arbors. Spine measures were highest in the giraffe, perhaps due to the high quality, perfusion fixation. The neuronal morphology in giraffe neocortex is thus generally consistent with what is known about other cetartiodactyls.

Pattern of recovery following total shoulder arthroplasty and humeral head replacement.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the pattern of recovery and expected rate of change after shoulder arthroplasty is helpful to clinicians and patients for setting realistic expectations and goals. The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of recovery over a 2-year period for patients receiving either a Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA) or Humeral Head Replacement (HHR). METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data of patients who had undergone TSA or HHR and were followed for up to 2 years. Patients were seen prior to surgery and at 6 months, one year and two years after surgery and completed the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon's (ASES) questionnaire, Relative Constant Murley score (RCMS) and underwent range of motion and strength assessment. RESULTS: Data of 134 patients who had surgery from April 2001 to July 2011 were used for analysis. One hundred and eight patients underwent TSA (81%) and 26 (19%) had HHR. Both surgeries were associated with a statistically significant improvement in physical symptoms, ASES, RCMS, range of motion and strength (p <0.0001). The greatest change for all outcomes occurred within the first 6-months of surgery. Improvement in ASES, RCMS continued up to 12-months and then plateaued. Improvement in physical symptoms leveled off at 6-months in the HHR group but continued up to 12-months in the TSR group. Strength showed improvement in both groups up to 24-months post-surgery. CONCLUSION: Both TSA and HHR groups showed a statistically significant improvement in perceived disability, range of motion and strength over two years with the greatest improvement made by 6 months. The recovery profiles for the surgeries showed different patterns.