Pediatric back pain-Diagnostic algorithm.

BACKGROUND: Back pain in the pediatric population is common. History and a thorough physical examination and a systematic work-up approach are key components to guide the physician in evaluating the possible causes of pain and providing appropriate treatment. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this review was to develop an algorithmic approach to assist physicians in the assessment of pediatric back pain. A comprehensive review of prevalence, differential diagnoses and proper management of pediatric back pain are also presented. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An extensive literature search was performed in PubMed to gather articles on the prevalence, risk factors, diagnostic tools, differential diagnoses and appropriate management of pediatric back pain. RESULTS: Available literature revealed that pediatric back pain is a common complaint. Although most cases are non-specific and self-limiting, there is a wide differential that should be considered including inflammatory, neoplastic, infectious and mechanical causes. Sedentary lifestyle, obesity and vigorous physical activity have been shown to increase the likelihood of developing back pain. We proposed an algorithm to guide the physician's decision about the next step in the diagnostic process. CONCLUSION: A well-defined strategy in the diagnostic process is needed in approaching children/adolescents with back pain. This would have the benefit of minimizing costs, unnecessary tests and child/family anxiety as well as increasing the likelihood of early diagnosis and proper treatment.

Erratum to: Magnetically controlled growing rods for rigid scoliosis : An alternative to halo-gravity traction in preparing for definitive correction?

Erratum to: Orthopäde 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-018-3631-7 Dear Reader,Unfortunately, an incorrect subtitle was published in the online version of the article.We kindly ask you to use the correct title:"Magnetically controlled growing rods for rigid scoliosis.An alternative to halo-gravity ….

Magnetically controlled growing rods for rigid scoliosis : An alternative to halo-gravity traction in preparing for definitive correction?

The treatment concept for severe rigid idiopathic scoliosis is a short-term application of halo-gravity traction to enable maximum correction and subsequent dorsal fusion. The method has already been mentioned in the literature as an effective procedure. This case report demonstrates the use of a new treatment concept using magnetically controlled distraction rods as a possible alternative to the halo-gravity traction device. To our knowledge the use of this technique in severe rigid idiopathic scoliosis has not yet been published.

[Risk factors for the development of rotator cuff tears in individuals with paraplegia : A cross-sectional study]. / Risikofaktoren für Rotatorenmanschettenrupturen bei Paraplegikern : Eine Querschnittstudie.

QUESTION: Shoulder pain and rotator cuff tears are highly prevalent among wheelchair dependent individuals with paraplegia. The purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors associated with the development of rotator cuff tears in this population. METHODS: A total of 217 wheelchair dependent individuals with paraplegia were included in this cross-sectional study (level of evidence III). The mean age of this population was 47.9 years and the mean duration of wheelchair dependence was 24.1 years. Each individual was asked to complete a questionnaire designed to identify risk factors for rotator cuff tears and underwent a standardized clinical examination with the documentation of the Constant-Murley shoulder outcome score and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both shoulder joints. RESULTS: MRI analysis revealed at least one rotator cuff tear in 93 patients (43%). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified the following factors to be associated with the presence of rotator cuff tear: patient age, duration of spinal cord injury/wheelchair dependence, gender, and wheelchair athletic activity. Neither BMI nor the level of spinal cord injury was found to pose a risk factor in the population studied. With respect to patient age, the risk of developing a rotator cuff tear increased by 11% per annum. In terms of duration of spinal cord injury, the analysis revealed a 6% increased risk per year of wheelchair dependence (OR = 1.06). Females had a 2.6-fold higher risk of developing rotator cuff tears than males and wheelchair sport activity increased the risk 2.3-fold. DISCUSSION: There is a high prevalence of rotator cuff tears in wheel-chair dependent persons with paraplegia. Risk factors such as age, gender, duration of paraplegia, and wheel chair sport activity seem to play an important role in the development of rotator cuff tears.

Prevalence of upper extremity pain in a population of people with paraplegia.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of musculoskeletal pain in the upper extremity joints among wheelchair-dependent individuals with post-traumatic paraplegia. Secondarily, to document most common reported causes of upper extremity pain. SETTING: Centre for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Germany. METHODS: The study was done by means of a structured questionnaire, which was mailed to the individuals who had been treated between 1990 and 2007 for newly sustained or pre-existing, accident-related paraplegia (n = 670). The questionnaire was designed mainly to obtain the information regarding shoulder, elbow, and wrist pain. Additional data included participant demographics, mechanism, level and completeness of injury as well as wheelchair dependence and time since injury. The Frankel classification system was used to define the completeness of injury. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-one (67%) questionnaires were included. Pain was reported by approximately 81% of the participants. Of this sample, 61% had shoulder pain, 33% had elbow pain, and 43% had wrist pain, 19% had shoulder, elbow, and wrist pain, 27% had shoulder and elbow pain, 34% had shoulder and wrist pain, 21% had elbow and wrist pain. The main diagnoses were rotator cuff tears for individuals with shoulder pain, epicondylitis for those with elbow pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome for those with wrist pain. The development of shoulder/elbow and wrist pain correlated with age and time since injury. CONCLUSIONS: Age and the length of time since injury correlated with a higher rate of shoulder, elbow, and wrist pain. The completeness of injury, neurological level, and gender were correlated with shoulder, elbow, and wrist pain, respectively.