ABSTRACT
Although the use of antenatal glucocorticoids has resulted in decreased neonatal morbidity/mortality, recent animal studies have raised concerns regarding adverse effects of these medications on postnatal cardiovascular function. We hypothesized that antenatal betamethasone (Beta) exposure alters cerebral vascular reactivity in adult female sheep. We observed that K-induced constriction was comparable in middle cerebral artery (MCA) from Beta-exposed animals and age-matched controls. Pressure-induced constriction was significantly attenuated in MCA from Beta-exposed compared with control sheep. Inhibition of NOS significantly augmented pressure-induced constriction in MCA from both Beta-exposed and control sheep, whereas cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition augmented pressure-induced constriction only in MCA from Beta-exposed sheep. Furthermore, NOS and COX inhibition significantly attenuated bradykinin (BK)-induced dilation in MCA from both Beta-exposed and control sheep. However, there seemed to be a greater contribution of both NOS and COX to BK-induced dilation in Beta-exposed compared with control MCA. Our findings demonstrate that fetal exposure to a clinically relevant course of Beta alters cerebral vascular tone and reactivity in adult female sheep.
Subject(s)
Betamethasone/administration & dosage , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Middle Cerebral Artery/drug effects , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasodilation/drug effects , Age Factors , Animals , Betamethasone/toxicity , Blood Pressure , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Female , Glucocorticoids/toxicity , Middle Cerebral Artery/enzymology , Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism , Pregnancy , Sheep , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Controversy exists concerning whether activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors exerts direct dilator effects on cerebral arteries. The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of isolated piglet arteries to NMDA to determine whether isolated arteries, apart from surrounding neuronal tissue, are capable of responding to NMDA. Piglet arteries (100-200 microm) were isolated from branches of the middle cerebral artery and carefully dissected free of adherent tissue. Arteries were then mounted in an arteriograph system and pressurized to either 30 mm Hg (n=8), 60 mm Hg (n=10), 80 mm Hg (n=6), or 100 mm Hg (n=5). After development of spontaneous tone, NMDA (10(-5) to 10(-3) M) was administered abluminally to the vessels, and no appreciable response was noted (for example; 10(-4) M, 30 mm Hg: 3+/-3% change in active diameter; 60 mm Hg: -4+/-3% change in active diameter). Following a thorough washout, vessels were treated with bradykinin (10(-9) to 10(-7) M), and the arteries did respond (10(-7) M, 30 mm Hg: 26+/-3% change in active diameter; 60 mm Hg: 65+/-10% change in active diameter). In contrast, 10(-5) M and 10(-4) M NMDA dilated arteries in vivo by 9+/-2% and 29+/-6% change in active diameter, respectively (n=6). These results demonstrate that isolated cerebral arteries do not respond directly to NMDA receptor activation. This work confirms our previous in vivo data and is consistent with the hypothesis that cerebral arteries respond to NMDA through a secondary interaction mediated by neuronal release of NO and not to NMDA directly.
