[Burnout : Symptoms, diagnostics and treatment approaches]. / Burnout : Symptomatik, Diagnostik und Behandlungsansätze.

Burnout syndrome is characterized by the triad of symptoms exhaustion, mental distance from work activities and a feeling of ineffectiveness. The syndrome is not an independent mental disorder but can be coded in the 10th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) as a problem related to difficulties in coping with life (Z73) and in ICD-11 as a qualifying diagnosis (QD85). This article discusses the prevalence and comorbidities of burnout syndrome, taking the methodological difficulties in conceptualizing and operationalizing the construct into account. In addition, it provides an overview of available measurement instruments and their validation. Furthermore, it discusses work-related and individual factors in the development of burnout syndrome as well as analysis of the effectiveness of treatment options.

Are self-managed online interventions for depression effective in improving behavioral activation? A secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Online interventions can effectively improve depressive symptoms. They often include behavioral activation (BA) techniques, but research on the effects on behavioral activation is scarce. This study aims to examine short- and long-term effects of online interventions on behavioral activation in routine care. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of a pragmatic cluster-randomized controlled trial (@ktiv) with a sample of N = 647 GP patients with mild to moderate depression. The intervention group (IG) received treatment-as-usual (TAU) and adjunct access to an online intervention; the control group (CG) received TAU. BA was assessed in terms of the frequency and enjoyment of pleasant activities at baseline, after six weeks and after six months. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed via multilevel mixed linear regression. RESULTS: The frequency of pleasant activities was significantly higher in the IG than in the CG six months after baseline (t(1406) = 2.25, p = .024). The enjoyment of pleasant activities was significantly higher in the IG than in the CG both six weeks (t(1405) = 2.11, p = .035) and six months after baseline (t(1405) = 3.44, p = .001). Initial depressive symptoms significantly moderated the treatment effect on the enjoyment but not the frequency of pleasant activities. LIMITATIONS: BA measures have not been validated in a clinical context. CONCLUSIONS: GP patients with mild to moderate depressive symptoms profited from access to an online adjunct intervention in terms of improved behavioral activation. The findings emphasize the usefulness of online interventions as supportive options in mental health care.

Evaluating 5 decades of atmospheric 85Kr measurements in the southern hemisphere to derive an input function for dating water and ice with implications for interhemispheric circulation and the global 85Kr emission inventory.

In July 2015, the currently only active monitoring station for atmospheric 85Kr measurements in the southern hemisphere went operational at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in Adelaide, Australia. Here, this new data is presented and combined with measurements from historic monitoring stations, to generate a85Kr input function for the southern hemisphere which is crucial for the application of 85Kr as a dating tracer for water and ice. After a linear increase in atmospheric 85Kr concentrations between 1980 and 2005, concentrations stabilized yielding mean 85Kr activity concentration during the Adelaide monitoring period of 1.3 ± 0.15 Bq/m³ air with slight variations indicating seasonal effects. Data from three northern hemispheric monitoring stations Schauinsland, Freiburg and Jungfraujoch of the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), located in Central Europe are used to calculate an interhemispheric exchange time of 1.25 ± 0.24 years, using a simple box model approach. Furthermore, it is investigated whether a southern hemispheric 85Kr input function can be calculated from the baseline of the northern hemispheric data set. A comparison between the calculated and the fitted input function shows that analytical techniques can just resolve the concentration differences, emphasising the need of southern hemispheric monitoring stations for 85Kr. Analysing the decay-corrected input function and taking the current detection limit of low-level counting and Atom Trap Trace Analysis of 0.05 Bq/m³ air, a maximum apparent 85Kr tracer age of 40 years can be determined in the southern hemisphere. Finally, the 85Kr measurements are used to derive global 85Kr emission rates which are found to be in good agreement with published emissions from nuclear reprocessing plants.

Childhood maltreatment in bariatric patients and its association with postoperative weight, depressive, and eating disorder symptoms.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to compare prevalence rates of childhood maltreatment between patients with severe obesity undergoing bariatric surgery and patients without a surgical procedure. Second purpose was to calculate the association between childhood maltreatment and outcomes 6 and 12 months after a bariatric procedure. METHODS: Childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and compared between 120 bariatric surgery patients and 346 non-surgery patients with severe obesity. For the bariatric surgery subgroup, linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to analyze the predictive value of childhood maltreatment on weight outcomes and psychopathology. Additionally, between- and within-group comparisons were calculated to compare patients with and without childhood maltreatment regarding BMI and weight loss (%TWL, %EWL), depression severity (BDI-II), eating disorder psychopathology (EDE-Q), and suicidal ideation (BSS), at baseline, 6- and 12-month assessment. RESULTS: Prevalence rates for childhood maltreatment, depression and suicidal ideation were significantly higher in non-surgery compared to bariatric surgery patients. Within the surgery group, no significant interaction effect between childhood maltreatment and time was found. Hence, childhood maltreatment did not impact the course of body weight, depression and eating disorder psychopathology from pre- to post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly higher rates of childhood maltreatment were found within non-surgery patients with obesity in comparison to bariatric surgery patients. Childhood maltreatment did not predict poorer outcomes after surgery. Since history of childhood maltreatment may increase the risk for psychological disturbances, regular screening and, if necessary, psychological support should be offered to both groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies, Level III. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien-German Clinical Trials Register: DRKS00003976.

[Tonsillectomy for MRSA eradication-a case report]. / Tonsillektomie zur MRSA­Sanierung ­ eine Kasuistik.

Herein is reported the case of a clinician in whom, after three unsuccessful attempts to eradicate a nasopharyngeal MRSA (methicillin resistent staphylococcus ausreus) colonization, tonsillectomy was performed with long-term success.

Predicting suicidal ideation by interpersonal variables, hopelessness and depression in real-time. An ecological momentary assessment study in psychiatric inpatients with depression.

OBJECTIVE: To extend evidence on the short-term variability of passive and active suicidal ideation (SI) and the association with suggested proximal risk factors such as interpersonal variables (perceived burdensomeness [PB], thwarted belongingness [TB], hopelessness, and depression) in real-time. METHODS: This is an observational study using a prospective design applying ecological momentary assessments (EMA). Eligible for study inclusion were inpatients with unipolar depression, current or lifetime suicidal ideation, and fluent German. Over six days, 74 participants rated their momentary level of passive and active SI, PB, TB, depressiveness, and hopelessness up to 10 times per day on smartphones. Data was collected from August 2015 to July 2017. Compliance was excellent (89.7%). RESULTS: Mean squared successive differences supported temporal instability for all variables. According intra-class correlations, between 25% and 47% of variance was accounted for by within-person variability. Multilevel analysis demonstrated significant positive associations between hopelessness, depressiveness, PB, and TB with passive SI. Prospectively, hopelessness and PB remained predictors of passive SI. For active SI, hopelessness, depression, PB, and TB were significantly associated cross-sectionally. Prospectively, hopelessness, PB, and the interaction PBxTB predicted active SI. All models were controlled for previous level of SI. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence on the short-term variability of SI in very short time frames implying the need of assessing SI repeatedly in clinical and research settings. The associations between interpersonal variables and passive and active SI were only partial in line with assumptions of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. Overall, the effects were small warranting further investigation.

[Prolonged grief disorder]. / Anhaltende Trauerstörung.

Grief is a natural response to the loss of a loved one and its intensity usually lessens over time. Approximately 10% of bereaved persons, however, experience persistent symptoms resulting in the development of a prolonged grief disorder (PGD). A PGD shows a distinct symptom cluster and is considered for inclusion as a diagnosis in the upcoming revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11). It is distinct from other mental disorders but symptoms overlap, especially with major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. In addition to diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis, the following article also describes prevalence rates, comorbidities, risk factors as well as treatment options for PGD.

Factors associated with non-participation and dropout among cancer patients in a cluster-randomised controlled trial.

We investigated the impact of demographic and disease related factors on non-participation and dropout in a cluster-randomised behavioural trial in cancer patients with measurements taken between hospitalisation and 6 months thereafter. The percentages of non-participation and dropout were documented at each time point. Factors considered to be potentially related with non-participation and dropout were as follows: age, sex, marital status, education, income, employment status, tumour site and stage of disease. Of 1,338 eligible patients, 24% declined participation at baseline. Non-participation was higher in older patients (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.1, CI: 0.6-0.9) and those with advanced disease (OR 2.0, CI: 0.1-1.3). Dropout by 6 months was 25%. Dropout was more frequent with increased age (OR 2.8, CI: 0.8-1.2), advanced disease (OR 3.0, CI: 1.0-1.2), being married (OR 2.4, CI 0.7-1.1) and less frequent with university education (OR 0.4, CI -1.3 to -0.8) and middle income (OR 0.4, CI -0.9 to -0.7). When planning clinical trials, it is important to be aware of patient groups at high risk of non-participation or dropout, for example older patients or those with advanced disease. Trial designs should consider their special needs to increase their rate of participation.

[Internet-based interventions in the treatment of mental disorders : Overview, quality criteria, perspectives]. / Internetbasierte Interventionen in der Behandlung psychischer Störungen : Überblick, Qualitätskriterien, Perspektiven.

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders are frequently not or only insufficiently treated. Internet-based interventions offer the potential of closing the existing gaps in the treatment of mental disorders; however, it is very difficult for patients and providers to choose from the numerous interventions available. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a set of quality criteria that can help patients and care providers to identify recommendable internet-based interventions. METHODS: A selective literature search was carried out and the existing evidence on internet-based interventions in the treatment of mental disorders was collated. A panel of experts then developed quality criteria based on existing models for the systematic assessment of telemedicine applications. RESULTS: Internet-based interventions are effective in the treatment of a broad range of mental disorders. The best evidence is available for depression and anxiety disorders. A set of criteria is proposed for the evaluation of available internet-based interventions using a checklist. These criteria have to be developed further with input from other stakeholders. DISCUSSION: When taking these quality criteria into account, evidence-based interventions available on the internet can make an important contribution to improvement of the care of patients with mental disorders.

A novel solid-state NMR method for the investigation of trivalent lanthanide sorption on amorphous silica at low surface loadings.

The modelling of radionuclide transport in the subsurface depends on a comprehensive understanding of their interactions with mineral surfaces. Spectroscopic techniques provide important insight into these processes directly, but at high concentrations are sometimes hindered by safety concerns and limited solubilities of many radionuclides, especially the actinides. Here we use Eu(iii) as a surrogate for trivalent actinide species, and study Eu(iii) sorption on the silica surface at pH 5 where sorption is fairly limited. We have applied a novel, surface selective solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique to provide information about Eu binding at the silica surface at estimated surface loadings ranging from 0.1 to 3 nmol m(-2) (<0.1% surface loading). The NMR results show that inner sphere Eu(iii) complexes are evenly distributed across the silica surface at all concentrations, but that at the highest surface loadings there are indications that precipitates may form. These results illustrate that this NMR technique may be applied in solubility-limited systems to differentiate between adsorption and precipitation to better understand the interactions of radionuclides at solid surfaces.

Obesity and co-morbid psychiatric disorders as contraindications for bariatric surgery?-A case study.

INTRODUCTION: Many patients undergoing bariatric surgery report current or past psychiatric disorders and controversy exists regarding their outcome after bariatric surgery. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We present a case of an obese patient with a borderline personality disorder, a recurrent depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress symptoms and binge eating episodes who underwent bariatric surgery. DISCUSSION: Although the psychiatric disorders remained, the procedure contributed to an improvement of the health status and well-being of the patient. Adequate psychological care after the surgical procedure is necessary to enable a long-term stabilization of patients with mental co-morbidities. CONCLUSION: Patients with psychiatric co-morbidities should not be excluded from the procedure if adequate post-operative support is provided.

Analysis of trace neptunium in the vicinity of underground nuclear tests at the Nevada National Security Site.

A high sensitivity analytical method for (237)Np analysis was developed and applied to groundwater samples from the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) using short-lived (239)Np as a yield tracer and HR magnetic sector ICP-MS. The (237)Np concentrations in the vicinity of the Almendro, Cambric, Dalhart, Cheshire, and Chancellor underground nuclear test locations range from <4 × 10(-4) to 2.6 mBq/L (6 × 10(-17)-4.2 × 10(-13) mol/L). All measured (237)Np concentrations are well below the drinking water maximum contaminant level for alpha emitters identified by the U.S. EPA (560 mBq/L). Nevertheless, (237)Np remains an important indicator for radionuclide transport rates at the NNSS. Retardation factor ratios were used to compare the mobility of (237)Np to that of other radionuclides. The results suggest that (237)Np is less mobile than tritium and other non-sorbing radionuclides ((14)C, (36)Cl, (99)Tc and (129)I) as expected. Surprisingly, (237)Np and plutonium ((239,240)Pu) retardation factors are very similar. It is possible that Np(IV) exists under mildly reducing groundwater conditions and exhibits a retardation behavior that is comparable to Pu(IV). Independent of the underlying process, (237)Np is migrating downgradient from NNSS underground nuclear tests at very low but measureable concentrations.

Risk of completed suicide after bariatric surgery: a systematic review.

Bariatric surgery is one of the most effective treatments for morbid obesity, and a large body of research indicates significant long-term weight loss. While overall mortality decreases in patients who received bariatric surgery, a number of studies have shown that suicide rates are higher in bariatric patients than in control groups. The objective of this study was to present a systematic review of suicide mortality after bariatric surgery and calculate an estimate for the suicide rate. Literature researches of the databases PubMed, Web of Knowledge, PsychInfo, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar were conducted. Thirty studies concerning bariatric surgery and completed suicides met the inclusion criteria. We included 28 studies in the estimation of a suicide rate for the bariatric population. Only one study (Tindle et al.) put a main focus on suicide after bariatric surgery; this was therefore chosen as an adequate reference figure for comparison. The other 27 chosen studies were compared with World Health Organization data and the suicide rate reported by Tindle et al. Twenty-three thousand eight hundred eighty-five people were included in the analysis. In the literature, we found a total of 95 suicides when examining 190,000 person-years of post-bariatric surgery data. Little information was provided describing the reasons for suicide and the time-point of these events after surgery. We estimated a suicide rate of 4.1/10,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [3.2, 5.1]/10,000 person-years). A comparison with Tindle et al. demonstrates that their rate is significantly higher than our estimate (P = 0.03). Bariatric surgery patients show higher suicide rates than the general population. Therefore, there is a great need to identify persons at risk and post-operative psychological monitoring is recommended.

Obesity and suicide risk in adults--a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence from prospective studies that obesity is positively associated with depression. In contradiction to this, however, a number of studies have revealed that the number of completed suicides decreases with increasing BMI. The objective of this systematic review is to elucidate this ambiguous research field, providing an overview of literature examining the relationship between obesity and risk of suicide in adults (>18 years). METHODS: Literature searches of the databases PubMed/Medline, PsychInfo, and Web of Sciences were conducted. Fifteen studies concerning completed suicide, suicide attempts and suicidal ideation met the inclusion criteria (seven prospective and eight cross-sectional studies). RESULTS: Eight studies evaluating completed suicide reported an inverse relationship between BMI and suicide, meaning that obese people are less likely to commit suicide than people of low or normal weight, whereas one study showed no association and one showed a positive association. Studies about suicide attempts and ideation, on the other hand, found results that differed depending on gender. While obese woman reported more suicide attempts and suicidal ideation, obese men reported less attempts and thoughts. DISCUSSION: The role of confounding variables such as age or psychiatric illness on suicide risk are discussed and remaining research questions are outlined, especially regarding the role of different underlying biological pathways and consideration of different classes of obesity.

[Considering housing arrangements in elderly life: factors influencing plans concerning future housing arrangements and preferences in a representative sample of 45+ year olds]. / Nachdenken über das Wohnen im Alter : Einflussfaktoren auf wohnbezogene Zukunftspläne und Wohnpräferenzen in einer repräsentativen Stichprobe ab 45-Jähriger.

BACKGROUND: Providing care and support for the elderly is a future challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using regression analysis, a representative population-based sample (n = 1,445) was examined with respect to whether they had considered future housing and which variables influenced their thoughts and preferences. RESULTS: The majority of the sample reported thinking about housing in old age and preferred to stay at home in old age. Thoughts about future housing and housing preferences were predicted by different factors in the age groups analyzed. Thinking about future housing was positively associated with increasing age and depression. Other relevant predictors were gender, living with a partner, images of old age (especially negative ones), and anticipated subjective health. These variables also predicted housing preferences. CONCLUSIONS: Thoughts about future living arrangements are widespread, and their importance increases with age. The wishes reported do contrast to a certain extent with reality. Planning future care as well as developing consultation guidelines should address these issues while considering the reported influences.

[Peripartum depression and grief after pregnancy loss: special problem areas in obstetrics]. / Peripartale Depressionen und Trauer nach Schwangerschaftsverlusten : Besondere Problemfelder in der Geburtshilfe.

There is evidence that postpartum depression increases the risk of premature birth and developmental disabilities of the child. Risk factors include a history of depression, prenatal anxiety, lack of social support, intimate partner violence, low socioeconomic status and lack of a relationship. For women in high risk groups antenatal interventions could reveal positive effects to prevent postpartum depression. In the peripartum period routine screening is recommended to detect women at risk of developing depression. Furthermore, prenatal losses during pregnancy, specifically occurring during the first weeks of pregnancy may result in complicated grief disorders. Only very few controlled and randomized intervention studies for the treatment after prenatal loss have been conducted; however, aimed at specific high-risk groups these bereavement interventions demonstrated a high treatment efficacy.

Sexual abuse in bariatric surgery candidates: impact on weight loss after surgery: a systematic review.

Bariatric surgery is becoming more and more influential as efficient weight loss therapy for the morbidly obese. As many studies propose a relationship between sexual abuse and obesity in general, but especially with regard to weight regain after successful weight loss, sexual abuse might also have a crucial impact on the outcome of the surgical procedures. This review examines the literature comparing weight loss after bariatric surgery in sexually abused and non-abused individuals. We conducted a systematic electronic literature search covering PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, PsychInfo and Web of Science. While 13 studies examined prevalence rates of sexual abuse among bariatric patients, eight studies explicitly investigated the effect of sexual abuse on surgery outcome. We hypothesized that individuals with a history of sexual abuse lose less weight compared to individuals with no such abuse history. At first glance, only three out of eight studies demonstrated significantly reduced weight loss in the sexually abused patients. However, a closer investigation of all studies revealed that patients with abuse experiences may indeed tend to lose less weight initially. Still, this sub-population apparently benefits from the surgical procedure, as revealed by increased weight loss over time. Reasons for these mixed results are discussed, as well as the clinical implications that can be drawn from these studies.

Zoonoses: an occupational hazard for livestock workers and a public health concern for rural communities.

Farming employs one of the most diverse work forces, while at the same time it is one of the most dangerous occupations in the U.S. Individuals associated with the livestock industry face an additional risk: zoonotic diseases. In an effort to improve the overall well-being of the farming community, this review addresses zoonoses as a health concern for the farming community. The discussion of agriculturally acquired zoonoses includes infections naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to man (e.g., rabies) and those common to animals and man (e.g., Salmonella). Special consideration is given to identifying individuals potentially at higher risk for developing disease. Case reports and epidemiological studies are reviewed from published veterinary and human-health literature to illustrate exposure scenarios and associated health outcomes. Additionally, key livestock zoonoses in the U.S. are summarized, and an overview of prevention and control strategies is provided. Findings show that livestock can transmit many zoonoses directly and indirectly, and human health can be significantly impacted, but the number of people adversely impacted is largely unknown. This review concludes that more education about zoonosis transmission and prevention is needed, and healthcare providers serving rural communities are a critical link in providing this information. In order for healthcare providers to address the educational gap, we recommend greater collaboration with veterinary specialists schooled in population medicine, zoonosis prevention and control, and animal production.

Automatic brain response to facial emotion as a function of implicitly and explicitly measured extraversion.

Extraversion/introversion is a basic dimension of personality that describes individual differences in social behavior and sensory sensitivity. Previous neuroimaging research exclusively relied on self reports for assessing personality traits. In recent years, implicit measures of personality have been developed that aim at assessing the implicit self-concept of personality and complement self report instruments which are thought to measure aspects of the explicit self-concept of personality. In the present study functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine automatic brain reactivity to facial expression as a function of both implicitly and explicitly measured extraversion in 30 healthy women. Sad, happy, and neutral faces were presented for 33 ms masked by neutral faces beside a no face control condition. Subjects evaluated the briefly shown neutral mask faces. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) were applied as measures of extraversion which were not correlated in our sample. IAT extraversion was negatively correlated with automatic reactivity of the caudate head, thalamus, and inferior frontal cortex to sad faces. NEO-FFI extraversion was negatively correlated with response of the inferior frontal cortex and putamen to sad faces. For masked happy faces, an inverse correlation of the IAT effect for extraversion with activation of the caudate head and superior parietal lobule was observed. NEO-FFI extraversion was inversely correlated with the response of the thalamus to happy faces. Neither NEO-FFI extraversion nor IAT effect were significantly related to brain response to masked neutral faces (compared to the no face condition). Taken together, a specific heightened responsivity of the fronto-striatal-thalamic circuit to facial emotions which are arousing stimuli might underlie introverts' preference for avoiding social interactions. Research on the neurobiology of extraversion could benefit from the application of implicit in addition to explicit measurement instruments when automatic neural responses are investigated.