ABSTRACT
Considering the increasing number of pathogens resistant to commonly used antibiotics as well as antiseptics, there is an urgent need for antimicrobial approaches that can effectively inactivate pathogens without the risk of establishing resistance. An alternative approach in this context is antibacterial photodynamic therapy (APDT). APDT is a process that involves bacterial cell death using appropriate wavelength light energy and photosensitizer and causes the production of reactive oxygen species inside or outside the microbial cell depending on the penetration of light energy. In our study, a new porphyrin compound 4,4'-methylenebis(2-((E)-((4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenol) (SP) was designed and synthesized as photosensitizer and its structure was clarified by NMR (13C and 1H) and mass determination method. Photophysical and photochemical properties were examined in detail using different methods. Singlet oxygen quantum yields were obtained as 0.48 and 0.59 by direct and indirect methods, respectively. Antibacterial activity studies have been conducted within the scope of biological activity and promising results have been obtained under LED light (500-700 nm, 265 V, 1500 LM), contributing to the antibacterial photodynamic therapy literature.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Photochemotherapy , Photosensitizing Agents , Porphyrins , Singlet Oxygen , Photochemotherapy/methods , Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology , Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry , Photosensitizing Agents/chemical synthesis , Porphyrins/chemistry , Porphyrins/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Singlet Oxygen/metabolism , Singlet Oxygen/chemistry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Light , Bacteria/drug effects , Drug DesignABSTRACT
In this study, the Schiff base ligand trans-N,N'-bis[(2,4-dichlorophenyl) methylidene] cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (L) and its copper(II), nickel(II) and palladium(II) transition metal complexes were prepared and characterized by the analytical and spectroscopic methods. The (1)H((13)C) NMR spectra of the ligand and its diamagnetic complexes were recorded in DMSO-d(6) solvent and obtained data confirm that the nitrogen atoms of the imine groups coordinated to the metal ions. Electrochemical properties of the ligand and its metal complexes were investigated in the DMF solvent at the 100 and 250 mVs(-1) scan rates. The ligand and metal complexes showed both reversible and irreversible processes at these scan rates. The single crystal of the ligand (L) was obtained from MeOH solution, and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The C-Hcdots, three dots, centeredCl hydrogen bonding interactions in the molecule were seen which increase the stability of the crystal structure. The antimicrobial activity studies of the ligand and its metal complexes were carried out by using the various bacteria and fungi.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Cyclohexylamines/chemistry , Cyclohexylamines/pharmacology , Schiff Bases/chemistry , Schiff Bases/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/chemical synthesis , Bacteria/drug effects , Copper/chemistry , Cyclohexylamines/chemical synthesis , Electrochemistry , Fungi/drug effects , Ligands , Nickel/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology , Palladium/chemistry , Schiff Bases/chemical synthesis , Spectrum Analysis , X-Ray DiffractionABSTRACT
A total of 94 bacteria, associated with wild Achanthobrama marmid (Heckel, 1843) in Sir Dam lake of Turkey identified. Subsequently selected isolates were characterized and identified to the genus level The 94 members of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated in the gills and intestines, and among the isolates, E. coli were represented at a rate of 55%, Shigella spp. at a rate of 21%, Salmonella spp. at a rate of 9%, Citrobacter spp. at a rate of 9%, Klebsiella spp. at a rate of 3% and Proteus spp., at a rate of 3%. A total of 94 bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals were isolated from total 47 of A. marmid samples and were investigated. Viable counts of antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from gill and intestinal content samples showed high frequencies of resistance to Penicilline-G (KP) (68%), CZ (54%), FOX (48%), while the proportion of CRO (39%) and CTX (36%) resistance was low. In this research, heavy metal contamination in Sir Dam lake water samples and resistance frequency against heavy metals in isolated bacteria from gill and intestinal contents in A. marmid were investigated. Heavy metal contamination such as nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) determined diverse rate (except Mn) in water samples. The resistance frequency of the isolates was revealed different rate for the following heavy metals: Ni, Cd, Cu and Cr When the concentration of heavy metals increased, the resistance against heavy metals in diverse genus of isolates in different rate decreased.
