Increasing muscle activity correlations during spontaneous movements in the first six months of life.

Spontaneous muscle activity in the first months of life is an important prerequisite to developing voluntary motor skills and to adapting sensorimotor circuits and muscle tone to body and environmental changes. Even though high variability is a characteristic of early development, several studies have reported significant correlations of limb movements. These assessments were typically made based on kinematics, while the analysis of lower and upper limb muscle activity may provide additional information about maturation of the neuromuscular control. To this end, we examined the electromyographic activity of 12 muscles of the upper and lower limbs in full-term healthy infants (n = 40) aged from 1 week to six months. An increase of ipsilateral and contralateral limb muscle activity correlations with age was found in both flexors and extensors and may reflect a progressive emergence of elements of coordinative neuromuscular behaviour. Correlations between arm and leg muscle responses also increased during passive leg movements. Overall, the findings are consistent with maturation of physiologically relevant neuromuscular network connections during the course of transition from spontaneous-like to voluntary goal-directed movements during early development.

[The distinctive features of EMG-activity in early age children with movement disorders].

The purpose of this work was the study of neuromuscular characteristics of healthy infants and infants with movement disorders by method of surface electromyography. 76 children at the age from 6 months till 3 years participated in the investigation: 61 with movement disorders (13--with ataxic form of cerebral palsy (CP), 48--with spastic form of CP) and 15 without movement disorders. Passive flexing and extending of knee and hip joints was conducted to the child in a recumbent position, EMG activity of the basic muscles groups of a hip and a shin was recorded. Characteristic properties of electromyographic activity were assessed with wavelet transform and subsequent analysis of obtained time dependencies. As a result of work the parameters connected with diagnosis of infants with movement disorders were revealed.

[Functional digestive disorders in infants. Working protocol of diagnostic and treatment].

Functional digestive disorders in infants comprise a group of disorders characterized by several specific features. They are related to structural and physiological peculiarities of the gastrointestinal tract in children during lactotrophic period of nutrition, limited pharmacotherapeutic options and supremacy of dietary correction in this age group, and psychological discomfort that has a negative impact on the quality of life of the whole family. The working protocol "Functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants' was prepared by the Russian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (RusPGHAN) based on the previously proposed European (ESPGHAN) and American (NASPGHAN) guidelines. The protocol includes detailed description of the current approaches to diagnosis and management of the functional digestive disorders in young children, as well as algorithm tables that can be used by pediatricians and familial physicians in routine clinical practice.

[Palivizumab: four seasons in Russia].

In 2010, the Russian Federation (RF) registered palivizumab--innovative drug, based on monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization of seasonal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children of disease severe progress risk group, which include primarily premature infants, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. Currently, palivizumab is included in the list of recommended medicines and medical care standards of different countries, including Russia. In the review the results of Russian research on the progress of RSV infection, its epidemiology and immunization experience gained over the 2010-2014 period are summarized in relation to the foreign data. During the four epidemic seasons palivizumab immunization covered more than 3,200 children of severe RSV infection risk group with a progressive annual increase in the number of patients who received the drug. Geography of palivizumab immunization is also greatly expanded in our country during this time. If during the first two seasons measures of immunization were taken mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg, at the present time, thirty one territorial entities of the Russian Federation have the experience in the drug application. Analysis of the results of RSV infection immunization (made in several regions) confirms the high clinical efficacy and palivizumab safety already demonstrated in international studies. In addition, the analysis presents the potential to improve the efficiency of the integrated RSV infection immunization programs, realizing in the establishment of high-risk child group register, adequate counseling for parents, as well as the development of the routing of patients and coordination of interaction between different health institutions during the immunization.

[The efficacy of using an immune lactoglobulin preparation for correcting intestinal dysbacteriosis in newborn infants]. / Effektivnost' primeneniia preparata immunnogo laktoglobulina dlia korrektsii disbakterioza kishechnika u novorozhdennykh detei.

The comparative study of the effectiveness of immune immunoglobulin and bifidumbacterin for the correction of dysbiotic microflora in the intestine of premature born children with infectious inflammatory diseases. Immune lactoglobulin was administered orally to 37 children in a dose of 500 mg/kg twice a day for 1-3 weeks. The preparation facilitated the rapid and stable normalization of disturbances in the intestinal biocenosis in 86.5% of newborns. The elimination of opportunistic lactose-negative enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa hemolytic forms of Escherichia from the digestive tract and the stimulation of the multiplication of lactic acid bacteria were noted. The treatment of newborns with immune lactoglobulin was found to give a more pronounced corrective effect with respect of intestinal microflora than the use of bifidumbacterin according to the traditional scheme.

[The role of Chlamydia infection in the development of infectious inflammatory diseases in premature newborn infants]. / Znachenie infitsirovaniia khlamidiami v formirovanii infektsionno-vospalitel'nykh zabolevanii u nedonoshennykh novorozhdennykh detei.

It is highly probable that neonates may be infected with chlamydiae provided their mothers are chlamydia carriers, especially in disease exacerbation before delivery. Parallelism was noted between the intensity of antigen demonstration in the mother and the child. Infection with chlamydiae potentiates secondary infectious inflammatory diseases in premature neonates. However, diseases of chlamydia etiology developed only in 20.5% of children of all the infected and manifested themselves by pneumonias or total toxicosis without any localized focus of infection.