Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of some heavy metals in sediments, Sparus aurata and Salicornia europaea in Güllük Lagoon, the south of Aegean Sea.

In the current study, it was aimed to determine the sediment in Sparus aurata (Linnaeus 1758) tissues and Salicornia europaea L. Cu, Zn Fe, Hg, Cd, Pb and Mn concentration distributions in Güllük Lagoon which is located in the south of Aegean Sea and under the influence of anthropogenic activities by means of metal pollution and health indices and to investigate the effects of these metals on public health. The concentration range of Cu, Zn, Fe, Hg, Cd, Pb and Mn in sediment samples was determined as 12.16-26.00, 1.62-2.03, 7.77-8.36, 7.52-16.15, 0.071-0.40, 7.99-13.74 and 12.11-12.63 mg kg-1, respectively. Cu and Hg concentrations in sediment were found to be higher than sediment quality guidelines standards. In addition, according to the enrichment factor (EF), Hg, Cd and Cu were found to show above moderate enrichment. Cu, Zn, Fe, Hg, Cd and Mn concentrations in S. aurata muscle tissue were 1.31 ± 2.30, 1.01 ± 0.24, 3.43 ± 0.75, 2.79 ± 0.85, 0.01 ± 0.01 and 1.80 ± 1.12 mg kg-1, respectively. S. europaea heavy metals (HMs) concentrations were determined as Cu = 10.97 ± 3.20, Zn = 0.74 ± 0.62, Fe = 5.69 ± 0.22, Hg = 9.62 ± 8.84, Cd = 0.53 ± 0.33, Pb = 0.22 ± 0.26 and Mn = 8.61 ± 0.14 mg kg-1. It was seen that Hg in S. aurata muscle tissue and Hg in S. europaea concentrations exceeded the limit values determined for consumption purposes. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) values were found to be < 1 for S. aurata and S. europaea. When all these results were considered, it was determined that the metals that could pose a potential ecological and health risk were Hg, Cd and Cu in the study area.

Wild mushrooms from Ilgaz Mountain National Park (Western Black Sea, Turkey): element concentrations and their health risk assessment.

The purpose of this study was to determine Fe, Cd, Cr, Se, P, Cu, Mn, Zn, Al, Ca, Mg, and K contents of some edible (Chlorophyllum rhacodes, Clavariadelphus truncatus, Clitocybe nebularis, Hydnum repandum, Hygrophorus pudorinus, Infundibulicybe gibba, Lactarius deliciosus, L. piperatus, L. salmonicolor, Macrolepiota mastoidea, Russula grata, Suillus granulatus, and Tricholoma imbricatum), inedible (Amanita pantherina, Geastrum triplex, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Hypholoma fasciculare, Phellinus vorax, Pholiota limonella, Russula anthracina, and Tapinella atrotomentosa), and poisonous mushroom species (Amanita pantherina and Hypholoma fasciculare) collected from Ilgaz Mountain National Park (Western Black Sea, Turkey). The element contents of the mushrooms were determined to be 18.0-1239.1, 0.2-4.6, 0.1-3.4, 0.2-3.2, 1.0-8.9, 3.3-59.9, 3.7-220.4, 21.3-154.1, 6.4-754.3, 15.8-17,473.0, 413.0-5943.0, and 2803.0-24,490.0 mg·kg-1, respectively. In addition to metal contents, the daily intakes of metal (DIM) and Health Risk Index (HRI) values of edible mushrooms were also calculated. Both DIM and HRI values of mushroom species except L. salmanicolor, M. mastoidea, and R. grata were within the legal limits. However, it was determined that the Fe content of L. salmanicolor and M. mastoidea and Cd content of R. grata were above the legal limits.

Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of heavy metals in European eels taken from Lakes Köycegiz (Turkey) and Võrtsjärv (Estonia).

Monitoring heavy metal contaminants in fish is important for the assessment of environmental quality as well as food safety. In this study, European eel samples were collected from Lake Köycegiz and Lake Võrtsjärv in 2017 and 2018. The concentrations of Mn, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu metals were measured by using GF-AAS in four selected tissues of eel, including liver, gill, skin, and muscle in both lakes. The pollution index (Pi, MPI) values were calculated for both lakes and the health risk for consumers was assessed for both adults and children in Turkey and Estonia. The estimated weekly intake (EWI), hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk values (CRs) for the metals were calculated for both lakes. According to the results of this study, a significant difference was determined between the metal concentrations (especially Cu, Cd, and Pb) in the tissues of the eel samples taken from the two lakes. These results show that besides the pollution levels in the aquatic environment, physiological needs and metabolic activities in different habitats have a significant effect on metal accumulation in eels. In addition, HI was found to be < 1 for both adult and child consumers in both lakes, which indicates that consumers would not experience non-carcinogenic health effects. However, the values of CR for Pb and Cd were found negligible in Lake Köycegiz, while the CR value for Pb was found to be very close to the danger limits in Lake Võrtsjärv.

Element concentration, daily intake of elements, and health risk indices of wild mushrooms collected from Belgrad Forest and Ilgaz Mountain National Park (Turkey).

The aim of this study was to determine the element content of wild edible and inedible mushroom species (Agaricus campestris, Armillaria ostoyae, Boletus reticulatus, Bondarzewia mesenterica, Bovistella utriformis, Cantharellus cibarius, Marasmius oreades, Megacollybia platyphylla, Meripilus giganteus, Neoboletus erythropus, Panellus stipticus, Phaeotremella foliacea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Podoscypha multizonata, Russula aurea, R. chloroides, R. virescens, T. versicolor, Trametes gibbose, and Trichaptum biforme) collected from the Belgrad Forests and the Ilgaz Mountain National Park. Based on the results of elemental analyses, daily metal intake (DMI) and health risk index (HRI) values of edible mushrooms collected from both localities were also calculated. As, Cd, Cr, Se, P, Hg, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Ca, Mg, and K contents of mushrooms were in the ranges of 0.16-3.45, 0.09-2.4, 0.15-2.34, 0.3-8.13, 0.28-11.44, 14.03-37.81, 3.87-108.57, 6.18-149.77, 11.9-776.1, 5.4-317.4, 7.4-355.2, 15.4-3517.3, 266.0-2500.0, and 628.0-24083.0 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. As a result of the DMI and HRI analyses, Cu concentration of B. utriformis (DMI: 46.53 µg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.16) and Cd concentrations of A. campestris (DMI: 0.49 µg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.36), A. ostoyae (DMI: 1.03 µg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 2.86), B. utriformis (DMI: 0.52 µg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.44), and P. ostreatus (DMI: 0.45 µg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.24) were found to exceed the legal limits determined by authorities. It was concluded that the species collected from the regions in question should be consumed in a controlled manner.

Metal concentrations of wild mushroom species collected from Belgrad forest (Istanbul, Turkey) with their health risk assessments.

Wild edible mushrooms are very popular for both their flavors and nutritional values. However, some mushroom species can be harmful to human health as they accumulate some elements in excessive amounts. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Se, and Zn of some wild edible (Agaricus arvensis, A. bitorquis, A. sylvaticus, Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea, Clavariadelphus pistillaris, Clitocybe nebularis, Clitopilus prunulus, Hygrophorus marzuolus, H. russula, Lactarius volemus, Lycoperdon molle, and Macrolepiota mastoidea) and non-edible mushroom species (A. citrina, Auricularia mesenterica, Chanterellus melanoxeros, Chondrostereum purpureum, Clathrus ruber, L. controversus, L. helvus, and L. zonarius) collected from Belgrad forest (Istanbul, Turkey). Daily intakes of element (DIE) and health risk index (HRI) values of the edible mushroom species were also calculated. The concentrations of the elements in question were determined to be in the ranges of 9.7-556.8, 2.5-2226.7, 0.06-2.52, 0.03-13.17, 3.74-100.19, 13.3-507.4, 2635.0-28614.0, 493.0-2412.0, 6.97-3150.73, 0.29-13.26, 0.38-3.67, and 9.1-293.8 mg/kg, respectively. The Cd concentration of H. russula (DIE: 1.08, HRI: 1.08), Cr concentration of C. nebularis (DIE: 5.64, HRI: 1.88), and the Cu concentration of M. mastoidea (DIE: 42.94, HRI: 1.07) were above the reference values. The results showed that the long-term consumption of H. russula, C. nebularis, and M. mastoidea collected from Belgrad forest can have a negative impact on human health. Therefore, it was concluded that the element concentrations of edible wild mushrooms in this region should be examined periodically.

Biosorption of 2,4 dichlorophenol Onto Turkish Sweetgum Bark in a Batch System: Equilibrium and Kinetic Study.

In this study, Turkish Sweetgum bark was used as a new biosorbent to investigate the removal of hazardous 2,4 dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solutions in batch biosoption experiments. The effective usage of Turkish sweetgum bark is a meaningful work for environmental utilization of agricultural residues. The effects of experimental parameters like solution pH, contact time, initial concentration of adsorbate and amount of bisorbent dosage were investigated in a series of batch studies at 25 °C. Taguchi's Orthogonal Array (OA) analysis was used to find the best experimental parameters for the optimum design process in this study. The functional groups and surface properties of biosorbent were characterized by using Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm models. There is a good agreement between the parameters and this confirms the monolayer adsorption of 2,4-DCP onto sweetgum bark. As a result of kinetic studies, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to be suitable for all the data. Also, the results of the study show that Turkish Sweetgum bark can be potential as a low-cost alternative commercial adsorbents for removal 2,4 dichlorophenol from aqueous solutions.

Quality of water used during cage cultivation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Bereket HES IV Dam Lake (Mugla, Turkey).

A thorough investigation of the impact of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultivation on surface water quality in the area known as Bereket HES IV Dam Lake was conducted. Water samples were collected from October 2009 to June 2010 from four stations in the Dam Lake and analyzed for water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and orthophosphate. Surface water quality was then evaluated based on the comparison of samples collected from three stations located near fish cages to those collected from a reference station outside the cultivation area as well as by the comparison with standards specified in the Water Pollution Registration Act. According to the Water Pollution Registration Act, the surface water quality of the Dam Lake was class I. Additionally, there were no significant differences in water quality within the Dam Lake among any of the sampling stations, including the reference station. Overall, these findings indicate that cage cultivation of rainbow trout may have a negative impact on the entire Dam Lake.

Investigation of heavy metal content in the suspended particulate matter and sediments of inner Gokova Bay and creeks.

The Bay of Gokova in Southeastern Aegean Sea (Turkey) is important by the potential of agricultural, municipal, and tourism activities. In addition, there is no industrial plant within the area in the Aegean Sea. Kadin Creek (Azmak) and Akçapinar Creek (Azmak) flowing into the inner Gokova Bay are one of the important factors in determining the character of the inner Gokova Bay. In this study, nine stations were selected in the inner Gokova Bay, Kadin Creek, and Akcapinar Creek. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn were measured in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments. The samples of sediments and SPM were collected in between February 2008 and September 2008. The aim of the study is searching the change of concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in suspended particulate matter and sediments in the inner Gokova bay, Kadin Creek, and Akçapinar Creek. It has been identified that the metal concentrations in the creeks are higher than the metal concentrations in the marine environment. It has also been observed that the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cu in summer season have been higher than in the winter season, but the concentrations of Fe and Zn have not shown a significant difference between in summer and winter seasons. The obtained results show that the some heavy metals are caused by the agricultural, municipal, and tourism activities operating in the coastal areas and terrestrial environment, and they are transported from the creeks to the Gokova Bay by suspended particulate matter.