Subject(s)
Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Peritoneal Dialysis/methods , Adult , Aged , Emergencies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Renal Dialysis , United StatesABSTRACT
This technical report presents quality control (QC) assays that can be performed in order to qualify clinical biospecimens that have been biobanked for use in research. Some QC assays are specific to a disease area. Some QC assays are specific to a particular downstream analytical platform. When such a qualification is not possible, QC assays are presented that can be performed to stratify clinical biospecimens according to their biomolecular quality.
Subject(s)
Quality Control , Specimen Handling/standards , Biological Specimen Banks , Biomedical Research/standards , Humans , Organ SpecificityABSTRACT
The impact of shipping temperatures and preservation media used during transport of either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or Jurkat cells was assessed, in view of implementing of a proficiency testing scheme on mononuclear cell viability. Samples were analyzed before and after shipment at different temperatures (ambient temperature, dry ice, and liquid nitrogen) and in different preservation media (serum with cryoprotectant, commercial cryopreservation solution, and room temperature transport medium). Sample quality was assessed by viability assays (Trypan Blue dye exclusion, flow cytometry, Cell Analysis System cell counting (CASY)), and by ELISpot functional assay. The liquid nitrogen storage and shipment were found to be the most stable conditions to preserve cell viability and functionality. However, we show that alternative high quality shipment conditions for viable cells are dry ice shipment and commercial cryopreservation solution. These were also cost-efficient shipment conditions, satisfying the requirements of a proficiency testing scheme for viable mononuclear cells. Room temperature transport medium dramatically and adversely affected the integrity of mononuclear cells.
Subject(s)
Blood Preservation/methods , Blood Specimen Collection/methods , Cryoprotective Agents/pharmacology , Nitrogen/pharmacology , Cell Survival , Humans , Jurkat Cells , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology , Quality Control , TemperatureABSTRACT
The first version of the Standard PREanalytical Code (SPREC) was developed in 2009 by the International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER) Biospecimen Science Working Group to facilitate documentation and communication of the most important preanalytical quality parameters of different types of biospecimens used for research. This same Working Group has now updated the SPREC to version 2.0, presented here, so that it contains more options to allow for recent technological developments. Existing elements have been fine tuned. An interface to the Biospecimen Reporting for Improved Study Quality (BRISQ) has been defined, and informatics solutions for SPREC implementation have been developed. A glossary with SPREC-related definitions has also been added.
Subject(s)
Biological Specimen Banks/standards , Biological Specimen Banks/organization & administration , Quality Control , Specimen Handling/standardsABSTRACT
A human papillomavirus (HPV) multiplexed competitive Luminex immunoassay first described by Opalka et al. (D. Opalka, C. E. Lachman, S. A. MacMullen, K. U. Jansen, J. F. Smith, N. Chirmule, and M. T. Esser, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 10:108--15, 2003) was optimized and validated for use in epidemiology studies and vaccine clinical trials. Optimization increased both the analytical sensitivity and the clinical specificity of the assay to more effectively discriminate the low-titer antibody response of HPV-infected persons from noninfected individuals. The characteristics of the assay that were optimized included monoclonal antibody (MAb) specificity, scaling up the conjugation of virus-like particles (VLPs) to microspheres, VLP concentration, MAb concentration, sample matrix, sample dilution, incubation time, heat inactivation of sample sera, and detergent effects on assay buffer. The assay was automated by use of a TECAN Genesis Workstation, thus improving assay throughput, reproducibility, and operator safety. Following optimization, the assay was validated using several distinct serum panels from individuals determined to be at low and high risk for HPV infection. The validated assay was then used to determine the clinical serostatus cutoff. This high-throughput assay has proven useful for performing epidemiology studies and evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic HPV vaccines.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Immunoassay/methods , Papillomaviridae/immunology , Papillomavirus Infections/immunology , Tumor Virus Infections/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Epitopes/immunology , Female , Humans , Male , Microspheres , Papillomaviridae/classification , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Time Factors , Tumor Virus Infections/diagnosisABSTRACT
A series of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists containing a variety of fused heterocycles at the 4-position of the piperidine side chain has been discovered, which are orally bioavailable with potent anti-HIV activity.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Pyrrolidines/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , HeLa Cells , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Pyrrolidines/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Receptors, CCR5/metabolismABSTRACT
Synthesis of analogs containing more rigid bicyclic piperidine replacements for the 4-benzyloxycarbonyl-(ethyl)amino-piperidine moiety of the CCR5 antagonist structure, 1, is described. Although similar binding affinity to the lead was achieved with some analogs they were overall less potent anti-HIV agents suggesting that other features besides CCR5 binding are required for good anti-viral activity.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Sulfones/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Butanes/chemical synthesis , Butanes/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/pharmacology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfones/pharmacology , Viruses/drug effectsABSTRACT
Efforts toward the exploration of the title compounds as CCR5 antagonists are disclosed. The basis for such work stems from the fact that cellular proliferation of HIV-1 requires the cooperative assistance of both CCR5 and CD4 receptors. The synthesis and SAR of pyrrolidineacetic acid derivatives as CCR5 antagonists displaying potent binding and antiviral properties in a HeLa cell-based HIV-1 infectivity assay are discussed.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , HIV-1/drug effects , Pyrrolidines/chemical synthesis , Acetates/chemistry , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Binding Sites , Cell Division/drug effects , HeLa Cells , Humans , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/pharmacology , Pyrrolidines/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Cellular proliferation of HIV-1 requires the cooperative assistance of both the CCR5 and CD4 receptors. Our medicinal chemistry efforts in this area have resulted in the identification of N-alkyl piperidine sulfones as CCR5 antagonists. These compounds display potent binding and show antiviral properties in HIV-1 spread cell-based assays.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Sulfones/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Binding Sites , CD4 Antigens/metabolism , Cell Line , Drug Design , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Piperidines/chemistry , Receptors, CCR5/metabolism , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfones/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Replacement of the flexible connecting chains between the piperidine moiety and an aromatic group in previous CCR5 antagonists with heterocycles, such as pyrazole and isoxazole, provided potent CCR5 antagonists with excellent anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. SAR studies revealed optimal placement of an unsubstituted nitrogen atom in the heterocycle to be meta to the bond connected to the 4-position of piperidine. Truncation of a benzyl group to a phenyl group afforded compounds with dramatically improved oral bioavailability, albeit with reduced activity.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Cell Division/drug effects , HeLa Cells , Humans , Molecular Structure , Piperidines/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Modifications of the alkyl acetic acid portion and the phenyl on pyrrolidine in our lead pyrazole compound 1 afforded the isopropyl compound 9. This compound is a potent CCR5 antagonist showing good in vitro antiviral activity against HIV-1, an excellent selectivity profile, and good oral bioavailability in three animal species. During this investigation, a new method for the preparation of alpha-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-alpha,alpha-dialkyl acetic acid from a pyrrolidine and alpha-bromo-alpha,alpha-dialkyl acetic acid using silver triflate was discovered. This allowed us to prepare compounds such as 24 and 25 for the first time. A novel Pd-mediated N-dealkylation of alpha-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acid was also uncovered.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Acetates/chemistry , Acetates/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Biological Availability , Dogs , HeLa Cells , Humans , Macaca mulatta , Molecular Structure , Monocytes/drug effects , Piperidines/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Extensive SAR studies in our benzylpyrazole series of CCR5 antagonists have shown that both lipophilic and hydrophilic substituents on the phenyl of the benzyl group increase antiviral potency. However, improvements in pharmacokinetic profiles were generally only observed with more lipophilic substitutions. 4-Biphenyl (51) performed the best in this regard. Highly lipophilic substituents impart undesirable ion channel activity to these CCR5 antagonists. Alkoxy substituents provide a good balance of antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic parameters, and selectivity. Compounds 42b and 42d, containing a 3,4-dimethoxy substituent, are considered the most promising improvements over parent compounds 9. They demonstrate improved antiviral activity while retaining good pharmacokinetic profile and selectivity.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Piperidines/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Biological Availability , Dogs , HeLa Cells , Humans , Molecular Structure , Monocytes/drug effects , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] A novel approach to alpha,alpha-disubstituted-beta-amino acids (beta(2,2)-amino acids) was employed in the synthesis of a series of 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propionic acids possessing high affinity for the CCR5 receptor and potent anti-HIV activity. The rat pharmacokinetics for these new analogues featured higher bioavailabilities and lower rates of clearance as compared to cyclopentane 1.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Propionates/pharmacology , Pyrrolidines/pharmacology , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , Biological Availability , Propionates/pharmacokinetics , Pyrrolidines/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
A new class of 4-(aminoheterocycle)piperidine derived 1,3,4 trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 antagonists is reported. Compound 4a is shown to have good binding affinity (1.8 nM) and antiviral activity in PBMC's (IC(95)=50 nM). Compound 4a also has improved PK properties relative to 1.
Subject(s)
CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/pharmacology , Pyrrolidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrrolidines/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , CHO Cells , Chemokine CCL4 , Cricetinae , Half-Life , HeLa Cells , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrrolidines/pharmacokinetics , RatsABSTRACT
The 4-(3-phenylprop-1-yl)piperidine moiety of the 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 antagonist 1 was modified with electron deficient aromatics as well as replacement of the benzylic methylene with sulfones, gem-difluoromethylenes and alcohols in an effort to balance the antiviral potency with reasonable pharmacokinetics.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , Pyrrolidines/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , Dogs , Half-Life , Humans , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Macaca mulatta , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Piperidines/chemistry , Pyrrolidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrrolidines/pharmacology , Radioligand Assay , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Incorporation of acidic functional groups into a lead CCR5 antagonist identified from a targeted combinatorial library resulted in compounds with enhanced anti-HIV-1 activity and attenuated L-type calcium channel affinity.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , HIV-1/drug effects , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , CHO Cells , Calcium Channels, L-Type/drug effects , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Chemokine CCL4 , Cricetinae , Half-Life , HeLa Cells , Humans , Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Rats , Receptors, CCR5/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of alpha-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)acetic acids is presented as selective and potent antivirals against HIV. Several of the pyrrolidine zwitterions demonstrated reasonable in vitro properties, enhanced antiviral activities and improved pharmacokinetic profiles over pyrrolidine 1.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology , CCR5 Receptor Antagonists , HIV-1/drug effects , Pyrrolidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrrolidines/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacokinetics , CHO Cells , Cell Membrane Permeability , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Chemokine CCL4 , Cricetinae , HeLa Cells , Humans , Indicators and Reagents , Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrrolidines/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of CCR5 antagonists containing bicyclic isoxazolidines was generated through a nitrone mediated cycloaddition with olefins bearing the preferred pharmacophores previously described. Potent antagonists (3 and 16) were generated with enhanced affinity for the CCR5 receptor while maintaining antiviral activity against HIV.