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1.
Clin Infect Dis ; 62(11): 1329-1335, 2016 06 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27001804

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: No licensed cholera vaccine is presently available in the United States. Cholera vaccines available in other countries require 2 spaced doses. A single-dose cholera vaccine that can rapidly protect short-notice travelers to high-risk areas and help control explosive outbreaks where logistics render 2-dose immunization regimens impractical would be a major advance.PXVX0200, based on live attenuated Vibrio cholerae O1 classical Inaba vaccine strain CVD 103-HgR, elicits seroconversion of vibriocidal antibodies (a correlate of protection) within 10 days of a single oral dose. We investigated the protection conferred by this vaccine in a human cholera challenge model. METHODS: Consenting healthy adult volunteers, 18-45 years old, were randomly allocated 1:1 to receive 1 oral dose of vaccine (approximately 5 × 10(8) colony-forming units [CFU]) or placebo in double-blind fashion. Volunteers ingested approximately 1 × 10(5) CFU of wild-type V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba strain N16961 10 days or 3 months after vaccination and were observed on an inpatient research ward for stool output measurement and management of hydration. RESULTS: The vaccine was well tolerated, with no difference in adverse event frequency among 95 vaccinees vs 102 placebo recipients. The primary endpoint, moderate (≥3.0 L) to severe (≥5.0 L) diarrheal purge, occurred in 39 of 66 (59.1%) placebo controls but only 2 of 35 (5.7%) vaccinees at 10 days (vaccine efficacy, 90.3%; P < .0001) and 4 of 33 (12.1%) vaccinees at 3 months (vaccine efficacy, 79.5%; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The significant vaccine efficacy documented 10 days and 3 months after 1 oral dose of PXVX0200 supports further development as a single-dose cholera vaccine. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01895855.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Cholera Vaccines/administration & dosage , Cholera Vaccines/immunology , Cholera/prevention & control , Vibrio cholerae O1/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology , Cholera/immunology , Cholera Vaccines/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
2.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 20(10): 1727-30, 2014 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25272145

ABSTRACT

We observed an increase in the ratio of pathogenic Babesia microti to B. odocoilei in adult Ixodes scapularis ticks in Maine. Risk for babesiosis was associated with adult tick abundance, Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence, and Lyme disease incidence. Our findings may help track risk and increase the focus on blood supply screening.


Subject(s)
Babesiosis/epidemiology , Animals , Arachnid Vectors/parasitology , Babesia microti/physiology , Humans , Ixodes/physiology , Maine/epidemiology , Population Density , Time Factors
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