ABSTRACT
Numerous randomised controlled trials have explored the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in early life on neurodevelopment, with some suggested positive effects on language. Australian women with a singleton pregnancy <21 weeks' gestation were randomised to receive 800 mg DHA/day or a placebo until birth. A sample of 726 children (all n=96 born preterm, random sample of n=630 born at term) were invited to undergo assessments of language, academic, and language-based cognitive abilities at 1.5, four and seven years of age. No group differences were detected for any group comparison. Exploratory analyses for sex by treatment interactions revealed a possible adverse effect of DHA supplementation on the language of females at 1.5 years but no effects on outcomes at four or seven years. Taken as a whole, evidence of an effect of prenatal DHA supplementation on language abilities across childhood is negligible and could be a chance finding.
Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Docosahexaenoic Acids/administration & dosage , Language Development , Prenatal Care , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Male , PregnancyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the review was to summarise the best available evidence that described a young person's experience of chronic illness and make recommendations towards the promotion of mental health and prevention of future mental health difficulties. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review considered qualitative research that used the voices of young people (under 18 years) to describe their experience of chronic illness and the impact it had on their lives. SEARCH STRATEGY: The search strategy sought to find both published and unpublished research papers (limited to the English language). An extensive search was performed using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycInfo, Aust Health, Dissertation Abstract International, Expanded Academic Index, Health Source Nursing, and Academic Search Elite. In addition, the reference lists of identified papers were hand searched, to capture all pertinent material, as well as relevant worldwide websites. METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY: Each paper was assessed by two reviewers for methodological quality prior to inclusion in the review using the critical appraisal instrument [Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (QARI)] from software developed by the Johanna Briggs Institute (JBI). RESULTS: A total of 18 qualitative papers were included in the review (nine grounded theory, six phenomenology, one ethnography, one social ecological, and one multiple case study). Forty-four papers were initially identified but 26 were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Findings were extracted and meta-synthesised using JBI-QARI. Five syntheses about a young person's experience of chronic illness were derived: () the experience of chronic illness makes young people feel uncomfortable in their body and world; () the experience of chronic illness disrupts 'normal' life; () the experience of chronic illness is not all bad; () ways of getting through the chronic illness experience 'what others can do'; and () ways of getting through the chronic illness experience 'what I can do'. CONCLUSION: A positive perspective needs to be taken to promote mental health in young people with chronic illness; clinicians, families, and interventions need to (a) bolster their sense of self, (b) normalise the experience,
ABSTRACT
The diagnosis of arteriosclerosis is simple. The chronic pyelonephritis, however, is in most cases not clearly to be diagnosed, but only with a certain probability. To the glomerulosclerosis is applied that conspicuous findings allow of a doubtless diagnosis. But not in the least seldom there exist certain difficulties, above all in the initial stage and in the clear limitation to glomerulonephritis. In the majority of these cases the modern morphologic investigation methods lead to a clarification, but also the exact anamnestic and clinical data may be very useful for a probability diagnosis.
