Detection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo.

The halo of the Milky Way provides a laboratory to study the properties of the shocked hot gas that is predicted by models of galaxy formation. There is observational evidence of energy injection into the halo from past activity in the nucleus of the Milky Way1-4; however, the origin of this energy (star formation or supermassive-black-hole activity) is uncertain, and the causal connection between nuclear structures and large-scale features has not been established unequivocally. Here we report soft-X-ray-emitting bubbles that extend approximately 14 kiloparsecs above and below the Galactic centre and include a structure in the southern sky analogous to the North Polar Spur. The sharp boundaries of these bubbles trace collisionless and non-radiative shocks, and corroborate the idea that the bubbles are not a remnant of a local supernova5 but part of a vast Galaxy-scale structure closely related to features seen in γ-rays6. Large energy injections from the Galactic centre7 are the most likely cause of both the γ-ray and X-ray bubbles. The latter have an estimated energy of around 1056 erg, which is sufficient to perturb the structure, energy content and chemical enrichment of the circumgalactic medium of the Milky Way.

[Surgical management of traumatic retroperitoneal hemor-rhage]. / Khirurgicheskaya taktika pri travmaticheskikh zabryushinnykh krovoizliyaniyakh.

AIM: To present the algorithm of management of victims using modern technologies including CT, laparoscopy, angiography, intraabdominal pressure monitoring, etc. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Treatment of 395 victims with traumatic retroperitoneal hemorrhage was analyzed. RESULTS: It was shown that the use of developed algorithm decreases mortality rate from 10.5 to 4.5% and postoperative complications incidence from 23 to 14.1% in reviewed patients.

[High epidural anesthesia as a component of anesthetic support for cardiosurgical interventions in infants].

The aim of the study was to determine whether it was expedient to include epidural anesthesia into a complex of anesthetic support of surgical correction of ventricular septal defect in infants. This was a prospective, nonrandomized, monocenter case-control study. Seventy-nine infants met the inclusion criteria. A control group included 41 patients in whom total intravenous anesthesia was based on the infusion of propofol and fentanyl; a study comprised 38 patients in whom anesthetic support was potentiated by high prolonged epidural anesthesia. In the study group patients, the total dosage of anesthetics and the duration of inotropic support decreased intraoperatively and there was a reduction in the duration of postoperative artificial ventilation.