Assessment of Validity of SF 36 Questionnaire Using Nepali Language to Determine Health-related Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to translate and validate the short form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire into the Nepali language using a standard protocol to determine health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 40 patients with CLD. A formal translation of SF-36 from English into the Nepali language was performed. Patients with CLD without other known co-morbidities were administered the Nepali version of SF-36. Cronbach's alpha and test-retest were performed for reliability analysis. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha of overall SF-36 score was 0.85, and the test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.78 (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The Nepali language version of SF-36 is valid and reliable.

Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal: surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) by Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) in a teaching hospital in Nepal. The MDR strains of S. enterica were also tested for susceptibility to newer antibiotics. METHODS: Blood cultures were obtained from 4105 patients with febrile illnesses. Isolates of S. enterica were serotyped and antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) and E-tests. ESBL screening and phenotype confirmation were done following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations for Escherichia coli. RESULTS: A total of 541 isolates of S. enterica serotypes Typhi (47%) and Paratyphi A (53%) were grown. Twenty-eight isolates (5%) of S. enterica were resistant to two or more antibiotics (MDR isolates), with a greater prevalence among serotype Paratyphi A (7%). All ESBL producers (three isolates) were serotype Paratyphi A. Most of the MDR S. enterica showed reduced susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, and had good susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems. Among the fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin demonstrated better in vitro activity compared to levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: A greater prevalence of S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A with higher rates of multidrug resistance and ESBL production is concerning for natives as well as travelers in Nepal since the current typhoid vaccines do not provide protection against this serotype.