Profiling the Cytopathological Diagnosis of Enlarged Lymph Nodes on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the distribution of fine-needle-aspiration-cytology or biopsy findings through cytopathological patterns of lymph nodes aspirations in different age groups of the population visiting a tertiary level hospital in Kathmandu. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted on the database of the 226 lymphadenopathy cases that underwent biopsy fine needle aspiration cytology from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019 at the Department of pathology of Helping Hand's Community Hospital, Kathmandu. A descriptive analysis was performed yielding proportions and counts for the quantitative variables. Chi-squared test was used to compare the proportions.  Point estimates and confidence intervals for measures of association were assessed with 95% confidence interval and p-value ?0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The 20-40 years were the most common age group undergoing biopsy fone needle aspiration cytology procedures. Males recorded majority of cases (68%, 153 of 226). The highest incidence of Reactive lymphadenitis was obtained (50%, 113 of 226) and it was the most common findings in the age group of <20 and 40-60 years. The Cervical lymph node (86%) was the most common anatomical location followed by axillary lymph nodes (8%). Squamous cell carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma accounted for more than half (53%, 20 of 38) of all the diagnosed malignancy. The incidence of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma were 8% (n = 3 of 38) and 5% (n = 2 of 38) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node enlargement is associated with a wide range of etiologies with Reactive lymphadenitis as the most common cause and cervical lymph node as the common site.

Profile of chlorophylls and carotenoids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) microgreens.

The use of cereal microgreens is increasing because of increased consumer's interest in healthier products. Chlorophyll (Chl) and Carotenoids (Car) are suggested to correlate with health promoting components like phenolics and antioxidant potential of the plant-part. They also play role against clinical conditions like thalassemia and hemolytic anemia and reduce the risk of some chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases and age-related eye diseases. This study was carried out for the comprehensive profiling of Chl and Car in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) micro-greens between 7 and 16 days on dry basis. Chl and Car content strongly correlated with the number of days of growth. Significantly high correlations existed among Chl a, Chl b, total Chl and total Car with concomitant Chl a/b and Chl/Car ratios. The peaks for the rate of accumulation of pigments were between 7-10 days on wheat and 10-13 days on barley. The maximum content of Chl and Car were 616.63 ± 18.45 mg/100 g DM and 54.80 ± 1.72 mg/100 g DM on day 16 and statistically not significant to variety of grain. The Chl level was slightly lower than Chl rich vegetables like kale and comparable to spinach and Car level was comparable to carrots, which is higher than most of the daily consumable fruits and vegetables. Further cell-based or in vivo studies of cereal microgreens could be considered to draw more valuable information related to human health.