Behavioral, cognitive, emotional and social engagement in mathematics learning during COVID-19 pandemic.

A meaningful engagement of learners is critical in the quality teaching and learning of mathematics at school level. Learner engagement has been an ongoing issue in mathematics classrooms in Nepal and elsewhere. In this context, this study aimed to examine the level of engagement (behavioral, social, emotional, and cognitive activities) and their association with learning mathematics through the virtual mode of instruction during the pandemic. The cross-sectional online survey design was employed among 402 secondary-level mathematics teachers in Nepal. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and structural equation modeling were the major statistical techniques used in research. The findings indicate that the level of behavioral, social, emotional, and cognitive engagement of students was found to be high in the online mode of instruction. Additionally, cognitive engagement has significant highest impact on social, behavior, and emotional engagement.

Parental behavior across Nepali schools' parents and children demographic characteristics.

This study aims to explore parental behavior with its dimensions: Parental involvement, consistency in disciplinary behavior, monitoring and supervision, and punishing behavior, and also examine the difference across the parents and child demographic characteristics. The data were collected from 644 children of Grade 10 from 20 schools using the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was in the range of .7 that would ensure the internal consistency of the questionnaire. From the analysis of data using mean, and SD, t-test, and analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test, the major findings were that the parents exhibit almost frequently positive parental involvement in their children's study, however, they show inconsistent disciplinary behavior and poor monitoring, and almost rarely use the corporal punishment. The study concludes that parental behavior across parents and children demographic characteristics is imperative for policymakers and practitioners to be realistic while preparing and implementing the educational plans and policies.